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An interesting characterization of the Fibonacci numbers is that, if we write them as $F_1 = 1$, $F_2 = 2$, $F_3 = 3$, $F_4 = 5, ...$, then every positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers. This is…

As a variant of Zeckendorf's theorem, Chung and Graham proved that every positive integer can be uniquely decomposed into a sum of even-indexed Fibonacci numbers, whose coefficients are either $0, 1$, or $2$ so that between two coefficients…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-01-08 Hung Viet Chu , Aney Manish Kanji , Zachary Louis Vasseur

A sequence of positive integers is complete if every positive integer is a sum of distinct terms. A positive linear recurrence sequence (PLRS) is a sequence defined by a homogeneous linear recurrence relation with nonnegative coefficients…

A beautiful theorem of Zeckendorf states that every integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$; Lekkerkerker proved that the average number of summands for integers in $[F_n,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2011-07-15 Steven J. Miller , Yinghui Wang

A beautiful theorem of Zeckendorf states that every positive integer has a unique decomposition as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers. Such decompositions exist more generally, and much is known about them. First, for any positive…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-09-05 Neelima Borade , Dexter Cai , David Z. Chang , Bruce Fang , Alex Liang , Steven J. Miller , Wanqiao Xu

Zeckendorf's Theorem states that any positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers. We consider higher-dimensional lattice analogues, where a legal decomposition of a number $n$ is a collection of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-09-18 Eric Chen , Robin Chen , Lucy Guo , Cindy Jiang , Steven J. Miller , Joshua M. Siktar , Peter Yu

Zeckendorf proved that every integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers $\{1,2,3,5,\dots\}$. This has been extended to many other recurrence relations $\{G_n\}$ (with their own notion of a legal…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-07-29 Ray Li , Steven J. Miller

Generalized Zeckendorf decompositions are expansions of integers as sums of elements of solutions to recurrence relations. The simplest cases are base-$b$ expansions, and the standard Zeckendorf decomposition uses the Fibonacci sequence.…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-05-17 Iddo Ben-Ari , Steven J. Miller

By Zeckendorf's Theorem, every positive integer is uniquely written as a sum of non-adjacent terms of the Fibonacci sequence, and its converse states that if a sequence in the positive integers has this property, it must be the Fibonacci…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-07-06 Sungkon Chang

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer has a unique partition as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers. Similarly, every natural number can be partitioned into a sum of non-consecutive terms of the Lucas sequence, although such…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-31 Hung V. Chu , David C. Luo , Steven J. Miller

Zeckendorf's theorem states that every positive integer can be uniquely decomposed as a sum of nonconsecutive Fibonacci numbers. The distribution of the number of summands converges to a Gaussian, and the individual measures on gaps between…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-09-11 Robert Dorward , Pari L. Ford , Eva Fourakis , Pamela E. Harris , Eyvindur A. Palsson , Hannah Paugh

Zeckendorf's Theorem implies that the Fibonacci number $F_n$ is the smallest positive integer that cannot be written as a sum of non-consecutive previous Fibonacci numbers. Catral et al. studied a variation of the Fibonacci sequence, the…

Zeckendorf proved that any integer can be decomposed uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers, $F_n$. Using continued fractions, Lekkerkerker proved the average number of summands of an $m \in [F_n, F_{n+1})$ is essentially…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-02-27 Amanda Bower , Rachel Insoft , Shiyu Li , Steven J. Miller , Philip Tosteson

A natural generalization of base B expansions is Zeckendorf's Theorem: every integer can be uniquely written as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}$, with $F_{n+1} = F_n + F_{n-1}$ and $F_1=1, F_2=2$. If instead we allow the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-05-13 Philippe Demontigny , Thao Do , Archit Kulkarni , Steven J. Miller , Umang Varma

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer has a unique representation as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers. Once this has been shown, it's natural to ask how many summands are needed. Using a continued fraction approach,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2010-08-20 Murat Kologlu , Gene Kopp , Steven J. Miller , Yinghui Wang

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer has a unique partition as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers. We study the difference between the number of summands in the partition of two consecutive integers. In particular, let…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-10-30 Hung Viet Chu

It is well known that every positive integer can be expressed as a sum of nonconsecutive Fibonacci numbers provided the Fibonacci numbers satisfy $F_n =F_{n-1}+F_{n-2}$ for $n\geq 3$, $F_1 =1$ and $F_2 =2$. In this paper, for any…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-02-06 Daniel Gotshall , Pamela E. Harris , Dawn Nelson , Maria D. Vega , Cameron Voigt

Given a linear recurrence sequence (LRS) over the integers, the Positivity Problem} asks whether all terms of the sequence are positive. We show that, for simple LRS (those whose characteristic polynomial has no repeated roots) of order 9…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2014-04-29 Joel Ouaknine , James Worrell

This paper is about counting the number of distinct (scattered) subwords occurring in a given word. More precisely, we consider the generalization of the Pascal triangle to binomial coefficients of words and the sequence $(S(n))_{n\ge 0}$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-05-24 Julien Leroy , Michel Rigo , Manon Stipulanti

An equivalent definition of the Fibonacci numbers is that they are the unique sequence such that every integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent terms. We can view this as we have bins of length 1, we can take at most one…