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Related papers: Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models

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Neural scaling laws approximate a language model's loss as a power-law function of parameter count $N$ and token count $D$. Following Chinchilla-style compute-optimal training, many studies fit scaling laws from runs performed under a fixed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Joshua Shay Kricheli , Alexander Lawrence Reid , Soumajyoti Sarkar , Venkata Gandikota , Paulo Shakarian

While data scaling laws of large language models (LLMs) have been widely examined in the one-pass regime with massive corpora, their form under limited data and repeated epochs remains largely unexplored. This paper presents a theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Tingkai Yan , Haodong Wen , Binghui Li , Kairong Luo , Wenguang Chen , Kaifeng Lyu

The interest in linear complexity models for large language models is on the rise, although their scaling capacity remains uncertain. In this study, we present the scaling laws for linear complexity language models to establish a foundation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Xuyang Shen , Dong Li , Ruitao Leng , Zhen Qin , Weigao Sun , Yiran Zhong

Since compute grows much faster than web text available for language model pre-training, we ask how one should approach pre-training under fixed data and no compute constraints. We first show that existing data-constrained approaches of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Konwoo Kim , Suhas Kotha , Percy Liang , Tatsunori Hashimoto

Large Language Models (LLMs) are large-scale pretrained models that have achieved remarkable success across diverse domains. These successes have been driven by unprecedented complexity and scale in both data and computations. However, due…

Modern LLM pre-training consumes vast amounts of compute and training data, making the scaling behavior, or scaling laws, of different models a key distinguishing factor. Discrete diffusion language models (DLMs) have been proposed as an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Dimitri von Rütte , Janis Fluri , Omead Pooladzandi , Bernhard Schölkopf , Thomas Hofmann , Antonio Orvieto

Continual Pre-training (CPT) serves as a fundamental approach for adapting foundation models to domain-specific applications. Scaling laws for pre-training define a power-law relationship between dataset size and the test loss of an LLM.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Lei Liu , Hao Zhu , Yue Shen , Zhixuan Chu , Jian Wang , Jinjie Gu , Kui Ren

The guidance of scaling laws has increased the resource demands of modern large language models (LLMs), yet it remains questionable whether these models utilize resources effectively under a fixed budget. Previous research has proved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Wenjie Sun , Jinning Yang , Shuai Zhang , Mengnan Du

Scaling laws for language models have often focused on finding the optimal model size and token count for training from scratch. However, achieving this optimal balance requires significant compute resources due to the extensive data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Roseval Malaquias Junior , Ramon Pires , Thales Sales Almeida , Kenzo Sakiyama , Roseli A. F. Romero , Rodrigo Nogueira

Scaling laws in deep learning -- empirical power-law relationships linking model performance to resource growth -- have emerged as simple yet striking regularities across architectures, datasets, and tasks. These laws are particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Francesco D'Amico , Dario Bocchi , Matteo Negri

Recent research has highlighted the importance of dataset size in scaling language models. However, large language models (LLMs) are notoriously token-hungry during pre-training, and high-quality text data on the web is approaching its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Fuzhao Xue , Yao Fu , Wangchunshu Zhou , Zangwei Zheng , Yang You

Scaling laws for large language models (LLMs) predict model performance based on parameters like size and training data. However, differences in training configurations and data processing across model families lead to significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Felipe Maia Polo , Seamus Somerstep , Leshem Choshen , Yuekai Sun , Mikhail Yurochkin

Recent studies have demonstrated that the performance of transformers on the task of language modeling obeys a power-law relationship with model size over six orders of magnitude. While transformers exhibit impressive scaling, their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Narsimha Chilkuri , Eric Hunsberger , Aaron Voelker , Gurshaant Malik , Chris Eliasmith

Widely observed neural scaling laws, in which error falls off as a power of the training set size, model size, or both, have driven substantial performance improvements in deep learning. However, these improvements through scaling alone…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Ben Sorscher , Robert Geirhos , Shashank Shekhar , Surya Ganguli , Ari S. Morcos

Data is the cornerstone of large language models (LLMs), but not all data is useful for model learning. Carefully selected data can better elicit the capabilities of LLMs with much less computational overhead. Most methods concentrate on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Mingjia Yin , Chuhan Wu , Yufei Wang , Hao Wang , Wei Guo , Yasheng Wang , Yong Liu , Ruiming Tang , Defu Lian , Enhong Chen

Scaling the number of parameters and the size of training data has proven to be an effective strategy for improving large language model (LLM) performance. Yet, as these models grow increasingly powerful and widely deployed, the cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Song Bian , Tao Yu , Shivaram Venkataraman , Youngsuk Park

We use large language models (LLMs) to uncover long-ranged structure in English texts from a variety of sources. The conditional entropy or code length in many cases continues to decrease with context length at least to $N\sim 10^4$…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-01-01 Colin Scheibner , Lindsay M. Smith , William Bialek

While scaling laws guide compute allocation for LLM pre-training, analogous prescriptions for reinforcement learning (RL) post-training of large language models (LLMs) remain poorly understood. We study the compute-optimal allocation of…

In machine learning, the scaling law describes how the model performance improves with the model and data size scaling up. From a learning theory perspective, this class of results establishes upper and lower generalization bounds for a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Shihong Ding , Haihan Zhang , Hanzhen Zhao , Cong Fang

When trained on large-scale object classification datasets, certain artificial neural network models begin to approximate core object recognition behaviors and neural response patterns in the primate brain. While recent machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Abdulkadir Gokce , Martin Schrimpf