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This paper proposes an algorithmic method to heuristically solve the famous Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) when the salesman's path evolves in continuous state space and discrete time but with otherwise arbitrary (nonlinear) dynamics.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-02 Alexander Weber , Alexander Knoll

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) consists of finding the length of the shortest closed tour visiting N ``cities''. We consider the Euclidean TSP where the cities are distributed randomly and independently in a d-dimensional unit…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-10-28 N. J. Cerf , J. Boutet de Monvel , O. Bohigas , O. C. Martin , A. G. Percus

We give improved approximations for two metric Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) variants. In Ordered TSP (OTSP) we are given a linear ordering on a subset of nodes $o_1, \ldots, o_k$. The TSP solution must have that $o_{i+1}$ is visited at…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Martin Böhm , Zachary Friggstad , Tobias Mömke , Joachim Spoerhase

We propose an end-to-end learning framework based on hierarchical reinforcement learning, called H-TSP, for addressing the large-scale Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP). The proposed H-TSP constructs a solution of a TSP instance starting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Xuanhao Pan , Yan Jin , Yuandong Ding , Mingxiao Feng , Li Zhao , Lei Song , Jiang Bian

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) famously asks for a shortest tour that a salesperson can take to visit a given set of cities in any order. In this paper, we ask how much faster $k \ge 2$ salespeople can visit the cities if they divide…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Benjamin Aram Berendsohn , Hwi Kim , László Kozma

In the Euclidean $k$-traveling salesman problem ($k$-TSP), we are given $n$ points in the $d$-dimensional Euclidean space, for some fixed constant $d\geq 2$, and a positive integer $k$. The goal is to find a shortest tour visiting at least…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Ernest van Wijland , Hang Zhou

This study addresses the Min-Max Multiple Traveling Salesmen Problem ($m^3$-TSP), which aims to coordinate tours for multiple salesmen such that the length of the longest tour is minimized. Due to its NP-hard nature, exact solvers become…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Wen Wang , Xiangchen Wu , Liang Wang , Hao Hu , Xianping Tao , Linghao Zhang

This paper introduces a new formulation that finds the optimum for the Moving-Target Traveling Salesman Problem (MT-TSP), which seeks to find a shortest path for an agent, that starts at a depot, visits a set of moving targets exactly once…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Allen George Philip , Zhongqiang Ren , Sivakumar Rathinam , Howie Choset

We consider geometric instances of the Maximum Weighted Matching Problem (MWMP) and the Maximum Traveling Salesman Problem (MTSP) with up to 3,000,000 vertices. Making use of a geometric duality relationship between MWMP, MTSP, and the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Sandor P. Fekete , Henk Meijer , Andre Rohe , Walter Tietze

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is among the most famous NP-hard optimization problems. We design for this problem a randomized polynomial-time algorithm that computes a (1+eps)-approximation to the optimal tour, for any fixed eps>0,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-09-09 Yair Bartal , Lee-Ad Gottlieb , Robert Krauthgamer

We show that the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and its many variants may be modeled as functional optimization problems over a graph. In this formulation, all vertices and arcs of the graph are functionals; i.e., a mapping from a space…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-05-08 I. M. Ross , R. J. Proulx , M. Karpenko

We study the fair capacitated vehicle routing problem, in which a fleet of vehicles must serve a set of customers such that the difference between the longest and shortest route, the range, is minimized. A key challenge is that the range…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-28 Bart van Rossum , Rui Chen , Andrea Lodi

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is one of the most challenging NP-hard problems. It has widely applications in various disciplines such as physics, biology, computer science and so forth. The best known approximation algorithm for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-12-13 Wenhong Tian , Chaojie Huang , Xinyang Wang , Qin Xiong

This paper aims to develop a learning method for a special class of traveling salesman problems (TSP), namely, the pickup-and-delivery TSP (PDTSP), which finds the shortest tour along a sequence of one-to-one pickup-and-delivery nodes.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Bowen Fang , Xu Chen , Xuan Di

In this paper, a heuristic for a heterogeneous min-max multi-vehicle multi-depot traveling salesman problem is proposed, wherein heterogeneous vehicles start from given depot locations and need to cover a given set of targets. In the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-01 Deepak Prakash Kumar , Sivakumar Rathinam , Swaroop Darbha , Trevor Bihl

Multiple TSP ($\mathrm{mTSP}$) is a important variant of $\mathrm{TSP}$ where a set of $k$ salesperson together visit a set of $n$ cities. The $\mathrm{mTSP}$ problem has applications to many real life applications such as vehicle routing.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Aditya Pillai , Mohit Singh

If one places N cities randomly on a lattice of size L, we find that the normalized optimal travel distances per city in the Euclidean and Manhattan metrics vary monotonically with the city concentration p. We have studied such optimal…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-10-31 Anirban Chakraborti , Bikas K. Chakrabarti

The Dubins Traveling Salesman Problem (DTSP) has generated significant interest over the last decade due to its occurrence in several civil and military surveillance applications. Currently, there is no algorithm that can find an optimal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-03-07 Satyanarayana Manyam , Sivakumar Rathinam

This paper proposes a hybrid genetic algorithm for solving the Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem (mTSP) to minimize the length of the longest tour. The genetic algorithm utilizes a TSP sequence as the representation of each individual,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Sasan Mahmoudinazlou , Changhyun Kwon

In this paper we propose some novel path planning strategies for a double integrator with bounded velocity and bounded control inputs. First, we study the following version of the Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP): given a set of points…

Robotics · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Ketan Savla , Francesco Bullo , Emilio Frazzoli