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Related papers: Approximating Activation Functions

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This paper investigates the approximation properties of shallow neural networks with activation functions that are powers of exponential functions. It focuses on the dependence of the approximation rate on the dimension and the smoothness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jian Lu , Xiaohuang Huang

While it is well-known that neural networks enjoy excellent approximation capabilities, it remains a big challenge to compute such approximations from point samples. Based on tools from Information-based complexity, recent work by Grohs and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Ahmed Abdeljawad , Philipp Grohs

Activation functions have come up as one of the essential components of neural networks. The choice of adequate activation function can impact the accuracy of these methods. In this study, we experiment for finding an optimal activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Vipul Bansal

To enhance the nonlinearity of neural networks and increase their mapping abilities between the inputs and response variables, activation functions play a crucial role to model more complex relationships and patterns in the data. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Haigen Hu , Aizhu Liu , Qiu Guan , Xiaoxin Li , Shengyong Chen , Qianwei Zhou

There has been a growing interest in expressivity of deep neural networks. However, most of the existing work about this topic focuses only on the specific activation function such as ReLU or sigmoid. In this paper, we investigate the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-07-24 Ilsang Ohn , Yongdai Kim

The choice of activation functions in deep networks has a significant effect on the training dynamics and task performance. Currently, the most successful and widely-used activation function is the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU). Although…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-10-30 Prajit Ramachandran , Barret Zoph , Quoc V. Le

Activation functions are non-linearities in neural networks that allow them to learn complex mapping between inputs and outputs. Typical choices for activation functions are ReLU, Tanh, Sigmoid etc., where the choice generally depends on…

The primary neural networks decision-making units are activation functions. Moreover, they evaluate the output of networks neural node; thus, they are essential for the performance of the whole network. Hence, it is critical to choose the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Tomasz Szandała

In this work, we consider the approximation of a large class of bounded functions, with minimal regularity assumptions, by ReLU neural networks. We show that the approximation error can be bounded from above by a quantity proportional to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-27 Owen Davis , Gianluca Geraci , Mohammad Motamed

Activation functions in neural networks are typically selected from a set of empirically validated, commonly used static functions such as ReLU, tanh, or sigmoid. However, by optimizing the shapes of a network's activation functions, we can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 William H Patty

We investigate properties of neural networks that use both ReLU and $x^2$ as activation functions and build upon previous results to show that both analytic functions and functions in Sobolev spaces can be approximated by such networks of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Vincent P. H. Goverse , Jad Hamdan , Jared Tanner

We study the approximation properties of shallow neural networks with an activation function which is a power of the rectified linear unit. Specifically, we consider the dependence of the approximation rate on the dimension and the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-12-23 Jonathan W. Siegel , Jinchao Xu

In recent years, functional neural networks have been proposed and studied in order to approximate nonlinear continuous functionals defined on $L^p([-1, 1]^s)$ for integers $s\ge1$ and $1\le p<\infty$. However, their theoretical properties…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-11 Linhao Song , Jun Fan , Di-Rong Chen , Ding-Xuan Zhou

Activation in deep neural networks is fundamental to achieving non-linear mappings. Traditional studies mainly focus on finding fixed activations for a particular set of learning tasks or model architectures. The research on flexible…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-08-20 Renlong Jie , Junbin Gao , Andrey Vasnev , Min-ngoc Tran

Activation functions play a key role in providing remarkable performance in deep neural networks, and the rectified linear unit (ReLU) is one of the most widely used activation functions. Various new activation functions and improvements on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Yang Liu , Jianpeng Zhang , Chao Gao , Jinghua Qu , Lixin Ji

We consider the approximation rates of shallow neural networks with respect to the variation norm. Upper bounds on these rates have been established for sigmoidal and ReLU activation functions, but it has remained an important open problem…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-10 Jonathan W. Siegel , Jinchao Xu

We study neural networks with trainable low-degree rational activation functions and show that they are more expressive and parameter-efficient than modern piecewise-linear and smooth activations such as ELU, LeakyReLU, LogSigmoid, PReLU,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Maosen Tang , Alex Townsend

Activation functions influence behavior and performance of DNNs. Nonlinear activation functions, like Rectified Linear Units (ReLU), Exponential Linear Units (ELU) and Scaled Exponential Linear Units (SELU), outperform the linear…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Alberto Marchisio , Muhammad Abdullah Hanif , Semeen Rehman , Maurizio Martina , Muhammad Shafique

The Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) is a foundational activation function in artficial neural networks. Recent literature frequently misattributes its origin to the 2018 (initial) version of this paper, which exclusively investigated ReLU at…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Abien Fred Agarap

Until recently, applications of neural networks in machine learning have almost exclusively relied on real-valued networks. It was recently observed, however, that complex-valued neural networks (CVNNs) exhibit superior performance in…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2021-12-06 A. Caragea , D. G. Lee , J. Maly , G. Pfander , F. Voigtlaender
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