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Both in the design and deployment of blockchain solutions many performance-impacting configuration choices need to be made. We introduce BlockSim, a framework and software tool to build and simulate discrete-event dynamic systems models for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Maher Alharby , Aad van Moorsel

Nakamoto consensus are the most widely adopted decentralized consensus mechanism in cryptocurrency systems. Since it was proposed in 2008, many studies have focused on analyzing its security. Most of them focus on maximizing the profit of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Junjie Hu , Sisi Duan

Bitcoin is a popular alternative to fiat money, widely used for its perceived anonymity properties. However, recent attacks on Bitcoin's peer-to-peer (P2P) network demonstrated that its gossip-based flooding protocols, which are used to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-03-28 Giulia Fanti , Pramod Viswanath

Most state machine replication protocols are either based on the 40-years-old Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) theory or the more recent Nakamoto's longest chain design. Longest chain protocols, designed originally in the Proof-of-Work (PoW)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Songze Li , David Tse

Cryptocoins (i.e., Bitcoin, Ether, Litecoin) are tradable digital assets. Ownerships of cryptocoins are registered on distributed ledgers (i.e., blockchains). Secure encryption techniques guarantee the security of the transactions…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Pasquale De Rosa , Pascal Felber , Valerio Schiavoni

Bitcoin is a decentralised digital currency that relies on cryptography rather than trusted third parties such as central banks for its security. Underpinning the operation of the currency is a peer-to-peer (P2P) network that facilitates…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-29 James Tapsell , Raja Naeem Akram , Konstantinos Markantonakis

Threshold cryptography is essential for many blockchain protocols. For example, many protocols rely on threshold common coin to implement asynchronous consensus, leader elections, and provide support for randomized applications. Similarly,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Zhuolun Xiang , Sourav Das , Zekun Li , Zhoujun Ma , Alexander Spiegelman

Blockchains based on the celebrated Nakamoto consensus protocol have shown promise in several applications, including cryptocurrencies. However, these blockchains have inherent scalability limits caused by the protocol's consensus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Qing Zhang , Xueping Gong , Huizhong Li , Hao Wu , Jiheng Zhang

Securing the traceability of products in the supply chain is an urgent issue. Recently, supply chain systems that use public blockchain (PBC) have been proposed. In these systems, PBC is used as a common database shared between supply chain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-17 Takio Uesugi , Yoshinobu Shijo , Masayuki Murata

We study financial transaction confirmation finality in Bitcoin as a function of transaction amount and user risk tolerance. A transaction is recorded in a block on a blockchain. However, a transaction may be revoked due to a fork in the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Ethan Hicks , Joseph Oglio , Mikhail Nesterenko , Gokarna Sharma

We explore the feasibility of deploying Bitcoin as the shared monetary standard between Earth and Mars, accounting for physical constraints of interplanetary communication. We introduce a novel primitive, Proof-of-Transit Timestamping…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Jose E. Puente , Carlos Puente

Heretofore the concept of "blockchain" has not been precisely defined. Accordingly the potential useful applications of this technology have been largely inflated. This work sidesteps the question of what constitutes a blockchain as such…

Databases · Computer Science 2017-03-14 S. Matthew English , Ehsan Nezhadian

The broad topic of this thesis is the design and analysis of Bitcoin custody systems. Both the technology and threat landscape are evolving constantly. Therefore, custody systems, defence strategies, and risk models should be adaptive too.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Jacob Tyge Goker Swambo

Numerous electronic cash schemes have been proposed over the years - however none have been embraced by financial institutions as an alternative to fiat currency. David Chaum's ecash scheme was the closest to something that mimicked a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Hitesh Tewari

Improving transaction throughput is an important challenge for Bitcoin. However, shortening the block generation interval or increasing the block size to improve throughput makes it sharing blocks within the network slower and increases the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Ryunosuke Nagayama , Kazuyuki Shudo , Ryohei Banno

Most popular blockchain solutions, like Bitcoin, rely on proof-of-work, guaranteeing that the output of the consensus is agreed upon with high probability. However, this probability depends on the delivery of messages and that the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-05-19 Christopher Natoli , Vincent Gramoli

We describe the Lockchain Protocol, a lightweight Bitcoin meta-protocol that enables highly efficient transaction discovery at zero marginal block space cost, and data verification without introducing any new on-chain storage mechanism. The…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Nikodem Tomczak

Most online lotteries today fail to ensure the verifiability of the random process and rely on a trusted third party. This issue has received little attention since the emergence of distributed protocols like Bitcoin that demonstrated the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-09-18 Stéphane Grumbach , Robert Riemann

Blockchain is rapidly emerging as an important class of network application, with a unique set of trust, security and transparency properties. In a blockchain system, participants record and update the `server-side' state of an application…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Yifan Mao , Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan

Quantum devices capable of breaking the public-key cryptosystems that Bitcoin relies on to secure its transactions are expected with reasonable probability within a decade. Quantum attacks would put at risk the entire Bitcoin network, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-23 Jamie J. Pont , Joseph J. Kearney , Jack Moyler , Carlos A. Perez-Delgado