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We have experimentally checked the Jarzynski equality and the Crooks relation on the thermal fluctuations of a macroscopic mechanical oscillator in contact with a heat reservoir. We found that, independently of the time scale and amplitude…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-11 F. Douarche , S. Ciliberto , A. Petrosyan , I. Rabbiosi

For classical systems driven out of equilibrium, Crooks derived a relation (the Crooks-Jarzynski relation), whose special cases include a relation (the Crooks relation) equivalent to the Kawasaki non-linear response relation. We derive a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-05-26 Hiroshi Matsuoka

Based on trajectory dependent path probability formalism in state space, we derive generalized entropy production fluctuation relations for a quantum system in the presence of measurement and feedback. We have obtained these results for…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-04 Shubhashis Rana , Sourabh Lahiri , A. M. Jayannavar

The classical Jarzynski equality establishes an exact relation between the stochastic work performed on a system driven out of thermal equilibrium and the free energy difference in a corresponding quasi-static process. This fluctuation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-21 Konstantin Beyer , Walter T. Strunz

Two approaches to small-scale and quantum thermodynamics are fluctuation relations and one-shot statistical mechanics. Fluctuation relations (such as Crooks' Theorem and Jarzynski's Equality) relate nonequilibrium behaviors to equilibrium…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-09-16 Nicole Yunger Halpern , Andrew J. P. Garner , Oscar C. O. Dahlsten , Vlatko Vedral

We consider the quantum mechanical generalization of Crooks Fluctuation Theorem and Jarzynski Equality for an open quantum system. The explicit expression for microscopic work for an arbitrary prescribed protocol is obtained, and the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2008-12-31 H. T. Quan , H. Dong

It is known that temperature estimates of macroscopic systems in equilibrium are most precise when their energy fluctuations are large. However, for nanoscale systems deviations from standard thermodynamics arise due to their interactions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-14 Harry J. D. Miller , Janet Anders

Fluctuation theorems have elevated the second law of thermodynamics to a statistical realm by establishing a connection between time-forward and time-reversal probabilities, providing invaluable insight into nonequilibrium dynamics. While…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-05 Hui Li , Jie Xie , Hyukjoon Kwon , Yixin Zhao , M. S. Kim , Lijian Zhang

We derive integral quantum fluctuation theorems and quantum Jarzynski equalities for a feedback-controlled system and a memory which registers outcomes of the measurement. The obtained equalities involve the information content, which…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-01-30 Ken Funo , Yu Watanabe , Masahito Ueda

We study two non-equilibrium work fluctuation theorems, the Crooks' theorem and the Jarzynski equality, for a test system coupled to a spatially extended heat reservoir whose degrees of freedom are explicitly modeled. The sufficient…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2010-02-22 Punyabrata Pradhan , Yariv Kafri , Dov Levine

Work is a process-based quantity, and its measurement typically requires interaction with a measuring device multiple times. While classical systems allow for non-invasive and accurate measurements, quantum systems present unique challenges…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-17 Giulia Rubino , Karen V. Hovhannisyan , Paul Skrzypczyk

Fluctuation relations allow for the computation of equilibrium properties, like free energy, from an ensemble of non-equilibrium dynamics simulations. Computing them for quantum systems, however, can be difficult, as performing dynamic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-07 Lindsay Bassman , Katherine Klymko , Diyi Liu , Norman M. Tubman , Wibe A. de Jong

We scrutize the commonly used criteria for classicality and examine their underlying issues. The two major issues we address here are that of decoherence and fluctuations. We borrow the insights gained in the study of the semiclassical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 B. L. Hu , Yuhong Zhang

We derive the fluctuation theorem for quantum-state statistics that can be obtained when we initially measure the total energy of a quantum system at thermal equilibrium, let the system evolve unitarily, and record the quantum-state data…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-08-01 Naoto Tsuji , Masahito Ueda

The thermodynamic uncertainty relation, originally derived for classical Markov-jump processes, provides a trade-off relation between precision and dissipation, deepening our understanding of the performance of quantum thermal machines.…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-03-31 Junjie Liu , Dvira Segal

We derive a quantum extension of the thermodynamic uncertainty relation where dynamical fluctuations are quantified by the Terletsky-Margenau-Hill quasiprobability, a quantum generalization of the classical joint probability. The obtained…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Kohei Yoshimura , Ryusuke Hamazaki

By taking full advantage of the dynamic property imposed by the detailed balance condition, we derive a new refined unified fluctuation theorem (FT) for general stochastic thermodynamic systems. This FT involves the joint probability…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-07-27 Zongping Gong , H. T. Quan

Crook's Fluctuation Theorem and Jarzynski equality are immensely powerful tools in obtaining equilibrium properties through non-equilibrium transition between two equilibrium states. In this letter, we propose an extension to the Crook's…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-01-17 Puneet Kumar Patra , Baidurya Bhattacharya

Research on the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of quantum systems has so far produced important statements on the thermodynamics of small systems undergoing quantum mechanical evolutions. Key examples are provided by the Crooks and Jarzynski…

We show that apparently thermalized states still store relevant amounts of information about their past, information that can be tracked by experiments involving nonequilibrium processes. We provide a condition for the microcanonical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-19 Armando Relaño