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Matrix-product operators (MPOs) appear throughout the study of integrable lattice models, notably as the transfer matrices. They can also be used as transformations to construct dualities between such models, both invertible (including…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-02-20 Yuan Miao , Andras Molnar , Nick G. Jones

We propose a tensor-network (TN) approach for solving classical optimization problems that is inspired by spectral filtering and sampling on quantum states. We first shift and scale an Ising Hamiltonian of the cost function so that all…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-09 Ryo Watanabe , Joseph Tindall , Shohei Miyakoshi , Hiroshi Ueda

A generic method to investigate many-body continuous-variable systems is pedagogically presented. It is based on the notion of matrix product states (so-called MPS) and the algorithms thereof. The method is quite versatile and can be…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2013-05-29 S. Iblisdir , R. Orus , J. I. Latorre

Over the last decade tensor network states (TNS) have emerged as a powerful tool for the study of quantum many body systems. The matrix product states (MPS) are one particular case of TNS and are used for the simulation of 1+1 dimensional…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2015-11-16 Boye Buyens , Karel Van Acoleyen , Jutho Haegeman , Frank Verstraete

We present an algorithmic construction scheme for matrix-product-operator (MPO) representations of arbitrary $U(1)$-invariant operators whenever there is an expression of the local structure in terms of a finite-states machine (FSM). Given…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2017-11-21 Sebastian Paeckel , Thomas Köhler , Salvatore R. Manmana

We show how to learn structures of generic, non-Markovian, quantum stochastic processes using a tensor network based machine learning algorithm. We do this by representing the process as a matrix product operator (MPO) and train it with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-04 Chu Guo , Kavan Modi , Dario Poletti

In this work, we prove that any element in the tensor product of separable infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces can be expressed as a matrix product state (MPS) of possibly infinite bond dimension. The proof is based on the singular value…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-08-12 Niilo Heikkinen

Matrix product operator Born machines (MPO-BMs) are tractable tensor-network models for probabilistic modeling, but their efficient approximation capability remains unclear. We characterize this boundary from both negative and positive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Chao Li , Zerui Tao , Yuchen Cong , Jian Xu , Qibin Zhao

Matrix product states (MPSs) and matrix product operators (MPOs) are fundamental tools in the study of quantum many-body systems, particularly in the context of tensor network methods such as Time-Evolving Block Decimation (TEBD). However,…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-11-21 Alberto Giuseppe Catalano

We develop a new projected wave function approach which is based on projection operators in the form of matrix-product operators (MPOs). Our approach allows to variationally improve the short range entanglement of a given trial wave…

Computational Physics · Physics 2015-06-04 Chung-Pin Chou , Frank Pollmann , Ting-Kuo Lee

We present a method to approximate functionals $\text{Tr} \, f(A)$ of very high-dimensional hermitian matrices $A$ represented as Matrix Product Operators (MPOs). Our method is based on a reformulation of a block Lanczos algorithm in tensor…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Moritz August , Mari Carmen Bañuls , Thomas Huckle

We present a new variational method, based on the matrix product operator (MPO) ansatz, for finding the steady state of dissipative quantum chains governed by master equations of the Lindblad form. Instead of requiring an accurate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-10 Jian Cui , J. Ignacio Cirac , Mari Carmen Bañuls

We present a new method for compressing matrix product operators (MPOs) which represent sums of local terms, such as Hamiltonians. Just as with area law states, such local operators may be fully specified with a small amount of information…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2020-09-22 Daniel E. Parker , Xiangyu Cao , Michael P. Zaletel

Process tensor matrix product operators (PT-MPOs) enable numerically exact simulations for an unprecedentedly broad range of open quantum systems. By representing environment influences in MPO form, they can be efficiently compressed using…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-22 Moritz Cygorek , Erik M. Gauger

Matrix product states (MPS) and matrix product operators (MPOs) are one dimensional tensor networks that underlie the modern density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) algorithm. The use of MPOs accounts for the high level of generality…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2020-05-27 Matthew J. O'Rourke , Garnet Kin-Lic Chan

We derive an exact formula for a matrix product state (MPS) representation (or a PEPS in higher number of dimensions) of the ground state of translationally invariant bosonic lattice systems in terms of a single one-dimensional Euclidean…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-02-20 Romuald A. Janik

We provide a description of virtual non-local matrix product operator (MPO) symmetries in projected entangled pair state (PEPS) representations of string-net models. Given such a PEPS representation, we show that the consistency conditions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-09 Laurens Lootens , Jürgen Fuchs , Jutho Haegeman , Christoph Schweigert , Frank Verstraete

We introduce a coefficient-decoupled matrix product operator (MPO) representation for Pauli-sum operators that separates reusable symbolic operator support from a tunable coefficient bridge across a fixed bipartition. This representation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Younes Javanmard

Matrix Product States form the basis of powerful simulation methods for ground state problems in one dimension. Their power stems from the fact that they faithfully approximate states with a low amount of entanglement, the "area law". In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-04 Jiri Guth Jarkovsky , Andras Molnar , Norbert Schuch , J. Ignacio Cirac

The method of choice to study one-dimensional strongly interacting many body quantum systems is based on matrix product states and operators. Such method allows to explore the most relevant, and numerically manageable, portion of an…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-10-10 Chu Guo , Zhanming Jie , Wei Lu , Dario Poletti