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Reinforcement learning (RL) is increasingly being used in the healthcare domain, particularly for the development of personalized health adaptive interventions. Inspired by the success of Large Language Models (LLMs), we are interested in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Karine Karine , Benjamin M. Marlin

Free trial promotions, where users are given a limited time to try the product for free, are a commonly used customer acquisition strategy in the Software as a Service (SaaS) industry. We examine how trial length affect users'…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-25 Hema Yoganarasimhan , Ebrahim Barzegary , Abhishek Pani

In mobile health (mHealth), reinforcement learning algorithms that adapt to one's context without learning personalized policies might fail to distinguish between the needs of individuals. Yet the high amount of noise due to the in situ…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Sabina Tomkins , Peng Liao , Predrag Klasnja , Serena Yeung , Susan Murphy

With the rise of the digital economy and an explosion of available information about consumers, effective personalization of goods and services has become a core business focus for companies to improve revenues and maintain a competitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Zhaonan Qu , Isabella Qian , Zhengyuan Zhou

While reinforcement learning (RL) has proven to be the approach of choice for tackling many complex problems, it remains challenging to develop and deploy RL agents in real-life scenarios successfully. This paper presents pH-RL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-01 Ali el Hassouni , Mark Hoogendoorn , Marketa Ciharova , Annet Kleiboer , Khadicha Amarti , Vesa Muhonen , Heleen Riper , A. E. Eiben

Personalisation is a standard feature of conversational AI systems used by millions; yet, the efficacy of personalisation methods is often evaluated in academic research using simulated users rather than real people. This raises questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Hannah Rose Kirk , Liu Leqi , Fanzhi Zeng , Henry Davidson , Bertie Vidgen , Christopher Summerfield , Scott A. Hale

We present a new approach to the problems of evaluating and learning personalized decision policies from observational data of past contexts, decisions, and outcomes. Only the outcome of the enacted decision is available and the historical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-04 Nathan Kallus

Mobile health studies can leverage longitudinal sensor data from smartphones to guide the application of personalized medical interventions. In this paper, we propose that adoption of an instrumental variable approach for randomized trials…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in solving recommendation tasks. With proven capabilities in understanding user preferences, LLM personalization has emerged as a critical area for providing tailored…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Jiarui Chen

Designing effective prompts can empower LLMs to understand user preferences and provide recommendations with intent comprehension and knowledge utilization capabilities. Nevertheless, recent studies predominantly concentrate on task-wise…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Wenyu Mao , Jiancan Wu , Weijian Chen , Chongming Gao , Xiang Wang , Xiangnan He

The increasing prevalence of mobile apps has led to a proliferation of resource usage scenarios in which they are deployed. This motivates the need to specialize mobile apps based on diverse and varying preferences of users. We propose a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-02-27 Brian Heath , Neelay Velingker , Osbert Bastani , Mayur Naik

As LLMs become capable of complex tasks, there is growing potential for personalized interactions tailored to the subtle and idiosyncratic preferences of the user. We present a public benchmark, PersonalLLM, focusing on adapting LLMs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Thomas P. Zollo , Andrew Wei Tung Siah , Naimeng Ye , Ang Li , Hongseok Namkoong

Current smartphone operating systems regulate application permissions by prompting users on an ask-on-first-use basis. Prior research has shown that this method is ineffective because it fails to account for context: the circumstances under…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-03-08 Primal Wijesekera , Arjun Baokar , Lynn Tsai , Joel Reardon , Serge Egelman , David Wagner , Konstantin Beznosov

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) incurs considerable training costs, driving the need for data-efficient training with optimised data ordering. Human-inspired strategies offer a solution by organising data based on human learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Yushi Yang , Andrew M. Bean , Robert McCraith , Adam Mahdi

Typical LLM responses tend to follow a default style, even though users often have distinct preferences regarding tone, verbosity, and formality that they do not explicitly state in their prompts. Evaluating whether personalization methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Philipp Spohn , Leander Girrbach , Zeynep Akata

To effect behavior change a successful algorithm must make high-quality decisions in real-time. For example, a mobile health (mHealth) application designed to increase physical activity must make contextually relevant suggestions to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-03-31 Marianne Menictas , Sabina Tomkins , Susan A Murphy

The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has transformed many industries, including healthcare. However, previous medical LLMs have largely focused on leveraging general medical knowledge to provide responses, without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Ruize Shi , Hong Huang , Wei Zhou , Kehan Yin , Kai Zhao , Yun Zhao

The growing number of Large Language Models (LLMs) with diverse capabilities and response styles provides users with a wider range of choices, which presents challenges in selecting appropriate LLMs, as user preferences vary in terms of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Zhongjie Dai , Tao Feng , Jiaxuan You

Individual human decision-makers may benefit from different forms of support to improve decision outcomes, but when each form of support will yield better outcomes? In this work, we posit that personalizing access to decision support tools…

Personalized models are essential in digital health because individuals exhibit substantial physiological and behavioral heterogeneity. Yet personalization is limited by scarce and noisy user-specific data. Most existing methods rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zhongqi Yang , Mahkameh Rasouli , Neda Mohseni , Yong Huang , Iman Azimi , Amir M. Rahmani
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