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Related papers: Deep Network Approximation for Smooth Functions

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We consider the problem of exact computation of the maximum function over $d$ real inputs using ReLU neural networks. We prove a depth hierarchy, wherein width $\Omega\big(d^{1+\frac{1}{2^{k-2}-1}}\big)$ is necessary to represent the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Itay Safran

In this paper we prove that Local (S)GD (or FedAvg) can optimize deep neural networks with Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function in polynomial time. Despite the established convergence theory of Local SGD on optimizing general…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Yuyang Deng , Mohammad Mahdi Kamani , Mehrdad Mahdavi

Deep neural networks and the ENO procedure are both efficient frameworks for approximating rough functions. We prove that at any order, the ENO interpolation procedure can be cast as a deep ReLU neural network. This surprising fact enables…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-10-09 Tim De Ryck , Siddhartha Mishra , Deep Ray

A key challenge in scientific machine learning is solving partial differential equations (PDEs) on complex domains, where the curved geometry complicates the approximation of functions and their derivatives required by differential…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-26 Hanfei Zhou , Lei Shi

Deep neural networks (DNNs) generate much richer function spaces than shallow networks. Since the function spaces induced by shallow networks have several approximation theoretic drawbacks, this explains, however, not necessarily the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-09-25 Konstantin Eckle , Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

We investigate non-adaptive methods of deep ReLU neural network approximation in Bochner spaces $L_2({\mathbb U}^\infty, X, \mu)$ of functions on ${\mathbb U}^\infty$ taking values in a separable Hilbert space $X$, where ${\mathbb…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-12-15 Dinh Dũng , Van Kien Nguyen , Duong Thanh Pham

We consider a family of deep neural networks consisting of two groups of convolutional layers, a downsampling operator, and a fully connected layer. The network structure depends on two structural parameters which determine the numbers of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-05 Tong Mao , Zhongjie Shi , Ding-Xuan Zhou

Determining the minimum width of fully connected neural networks has become a fundamental problem in recent theoretical studies of deep neural networks. In this paper, we study the lower bounds and upper bounds of the minimum width required…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Xiao-Song Yang , Qi Zhou , Xuan Zhou

Neural networks are widely used to approximate unknown functions in control. A common neural network architecture uses a single hidden layer (i.e. a shallow network), in which the input parameters are fixed in advance and only the output…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Andrew Lamperski , Siddharth Salapaka

We consider the approximation rates of shallow neural networks with respect to the variation norm. Upper bounds on these rates have been established for sigmoidal and ReLU activation functions, but it has remained an important open problem…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-10 Jonathan W. Siegel , Jinchao Xu

This paper proves an abstract theorem addressing in a unified manner two important problems in function approximation: avoiding curse of dimensionality and estimating the degree of approximation for out-of-sample extension in manifold…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Hrushikesh N. Mhaskar

This paper introduces deep super ReLU networks (DSRNs) as a method for approximating functions in Sobolev spaces measured by Sobolev norms $W^{m,p}$ for $m\in\mathbb{N}$ with $m\ge 2$ and $1\le p\le +\infty$. Standard ReLU deep neural…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Yahong Yang , Yue Wu , Haizhao Yang , Yang Xiang

We demonstrate that a very deep ResNet with stacked modules with one neuron per hidden layer and ReLU activation functions can uniformly approximate any Lebesgue integrable function in $d$ dimensions, i.e. $\ell_1(\mathbb{R}^d)$. Because of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-05 Hongzhou Lin , Stefanie Jegelka

We theoretically discuss why deep neural networks (DNNs) performs better than other models in some cases by investigating statistical properties of DNNs for non-smooth functions. While DNNs have empirically shown higher performance than…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-07-10 Masaaki Imaizumi , Kenji Fukumizu

We consider training over-parameterized two-layer neural networks with Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) using gradient descent (GD) method. Inspired by a recent line of work, we study the evolutions of network prediction errors across GD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Lili Su , Pengkun Yang

We study the expressivity of deep neural networks. Measuring a network's complexity by its number of connections or by its number of neurons, we consider the class of functions for which the error of best approximation with networks of a…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-07-20 Rémi Gribonval , Gitta Kutyniok , Morten Nielsen , Felix Voigtlaender

This paper studies the expressive power of artificial neural networks with rectified linear units. In order to study them as a model of real-valued computation, we introduce the concept of Max-Affine Arithmetic Programs and show equivalence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Christoph Hertrich , Leon Sering

The exact minimum width that allows for universal approximation of unbounded-depth networks is known only for ReLU and its variants. In this work, we study the minimum width of networks using general activation functions. Specifically, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Jonghyun Shin , Namjun Kim , Geonho Hwang , Sejun Park

This paper explores the expressive power of deep neural networks through the framework of function compositions. We demonstrate that the repeated compositions of a single fixed-size ReLU network exhibit surprising expressive power, despite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Shijun Zhang , Jianfeng Lu , Hongkai Zhao

Multiplication layers are a key component in various influential neural network modules, including self-attention and hypernetwork layers. In this paper, we investigate the approximation capabilities of deep neural networks with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Ido Ben-Shaul , Tomer Galanti , Shai Dekel