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Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects is central to data-driven decision-making, yet industrial applications often face a fundamental tension between limited randomized controlled trial (RCT) budgets and abundant but biased…

Contextual bandits are widely used in industrial personalization systems. These online learning frameworks learn a treatment assignment policy in the presence of treatment effects that vary with the observed contextual features of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Claudia Roberts , Maria Dimakopoulou , Qifeng Qiao , Ashok Chandrashekhar , Tony Jebara

Causal structure learning is a key problem in many domains. Causal structures can be learnt by performing experiments on the system of interest. We address the largely unexplored problem of designing a batch of experiments that each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-25 Scott Sussex , Andreas Krause , Caroline Uhler

We propose and study a realistic Continual Learning (CL) setting where learning algorithms are granted a restricted computational budget per time step while training. We apply this setting to large-scale semi-supervised Continual Learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Wenxuan Zhang , Youssef Mohamed , Bernard Ghanem , Philip H. S. Torr , Adel Bibi , Mohamed Elhoseiny

Varying annotation costs among data points and budget constraints can hinder the adoption of active learning strategies in real-world applications. This work introduces two Bayesian active learning strategies for batch acquisition under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Pablo G. Morato , Charalampos P. Andriotis , Seyran Khademi

In this paper, we study the strategic allocation of limited resources using a Colonel Blotto game (CBG) under a dynamic setting and analyze the problem using an online learning approach. In this model, one of the players is a learner who…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Vincent Leon , S. Rasoul Etesami

Dose optimization in oncology clinical trials has shifted from seeking the maximum tolerated dose to identifying the Optimal Biological Dose (OBD) that balances therapeutic benefits and risks across multiple clinical attributes. Existing…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-07 Fanni Zhang , Kristine Broglio , Michael Sweeting , Gina D'Angelo

We study the problem of structured prediction under test-time budget constraints. We propose a novel approach applicable to a wide range of structured prediction problems in computer vision and natural language processing. Our approach…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-06-09 Tolga Bolukbasi , Kai-Wei Chang , Joseph Wang , Venkatesh Saligrama

Contextual bandits often provide simple and effective personalization in decision making problems, making them popular tools to deliver personalized interventions in mobile health as well as other health applications. However, when bandits…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Jiayu Yao , Emma Brunskill , Weiwei Pan , Susan Murphy , Finale Doshi-Velez

Medication errors most commonly occur at the ordering or prescribing stage, potentially leading to medical complications and poor health outcomes. While it is possible to catch these errors using different techniques; the focus of this work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Yu Jiang , Christian Poellabauer

The purpose of a phase I dose-finding clinical trial is to investigate the toxicity profiles of various doses for a new drug and identify the maximum tolerated dose. Over the past three decades, various dose-finding designs have been…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-25 Yunshan Duan , Shijie Yuan , Yuan Ji , Peter Mueller

Broadening eligibility criteria in cancer trials has been advocated to represent the true patient population more accurately. While the advantages are clear in terms of generalizability and recruitment, novel dose-finding designs are needed…

Applications · Statistics 2023-01-12 Rebecca B. Silva , Bin Cheng , Richard D. Carvajal , Shing M. Lee

Predicting the effects of chemical and genetic perturbations on quantitative cell states is a central challenge in computational biology, molecular medicine and drug discovery. Recent work has leveraged large-scale single-cell data and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Michael Scholkemper , Sach Mukherjee

In medical treatment and elsewhere, it has become standard to base treatment intensity (dosage) on evidence in randomized trials. Yet it has been rare to study how outcomes vary with dosage. In trials to obtain drug approval, the norm has…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-05-30 Charles F. Manski

Resource-constrained classification tasks are common in real-world applications such as allocating tests for disease diagnosis, hiring decisions when filling a limited number of positions, and defect detection in manufacturing settings…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Danit Shifman Abukasis , Izack Cohen , Xiaochen Xian , Kejun Huang , Gonen Singer

In this paper, we study the problem of learning to bid in repeated first-price auctions with budget constraints. In each period, the decision maker needs to submit a bid to win the auction and maximize the total collected reward, subject to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Zeng Fu , Jiashuo Jiang , Yuan Zhou

The optimal strategy for deploying a treatment in a population may recommend giving all in the population that treatment. Such a strategy may not be feasible, especially in resource-limited settings. One approach for determining how to…

Applications · Statistics 2025-02-21 Lina M. Montoya , Elvin H. Geng , Harriet F. Adhiambo , Maya L. Petersen

This paper considers the estimation of treatment assignment rules when the policy maker faces a general budget or resource constraint. Utilizing the PAC-Bayesian framework, we propose new treatment assignment rules that allow for flexible…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-06-12 Daniel F. Pellatt

Aims: Combinations of treatments can offer additional benefit over the treatments individually. However, trials of these combinations are lower priority than the development of novel therapies, which can restrict funding, timelines and…

Clinical trials constitute a critical yet exceptionally challenging and costly stage of drug development (\$2.6B per drug), where protocols are encoded as complex natural language documents, motivating the use of AI systems beyond manual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Sixue Xing , Kerui Wu , Xuanye Xia , Meng Jiang , Jintai Chen , Tianfan Fu