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An evolution strategy (ES) variant based on a simplification of a natural evolution strategy recently attracted attention because it performs surprisingly well in challenging deep reinforcement learning domains. It searches for neural…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-05-03 Joel Lehman , Jay Chen , Jeff Clune , Kenneth O. Stanley

Evolution Strategies (ES) have emerged as a scalable gradient-free alternative to reinforcement learning based LLM fine-tuning, but it remains unclear whether comparable task performance implies comparable solutions in parameter space. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 William Hoy , Binxu Wang , Xu Pan

Evolution Strategies (ESs) have recently become popular for training deep neural networks, in particular on reinforcement learning tasks, a special form of controller design. Compared to classic problems in continuous direct search, deep…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-07-03 Nils Müller , Tobias Glasmachers

Evolution Strategies (ES) are a powerful class of blackbox optimization techniques that recently became a competitive alternative to state-of-the-art policy gradient (PG) algorithms for reinforcement learning (RL). We propose a new method…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-16 Yunhao Tang , Krzysztof Choromanski , Alp Kucukelbir

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) for downstream tasks is an essential stage of modern AI deployment. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as the dominant fine-tuning paradigm, underpinning many state-of-the-art LLMs. In contrast,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xin Qiu , Yulu Gan , Conor F. Hayes , Qiyao Liang , Yinggan Xu , Roberto Dailey , Elliot Meyerson , Babak Hodjat , Risto Miikkulainen

Because stochastic gradient descent (SGD) has shown promise optimizing neural networks with millions of parameters and few if any alternatives are known to exist, it has moved to the heart of leading approaches to reinforcement learning…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-12-19 Xingwen Zhang , Jeff Clune , Kenneth O. Stanley

Evolutionary Strategies (ES) are known to be an effective black-box optimization technique for deep neural networks when the true gradients cannot be computed, such as in Reinforcement Learning. We continue a recent line of research that…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-10-14 Florian Meier , Asier Mujika , Marcelo Matheus Gauy , Angelika Steger

In this paper, we propose a novel meta-learning method in a reinforcement learning setting, based on evolution strategies (ES), exploration in parameter space and deterministic policy gradients. ES methods are easy to parallelize, which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-09 Yiming Shen , Kehan Yang , Yufeng Yuan , Simon Cheng Liu

Evolution Strategies (ES) are stochastic derivative-free optimization algorithms whose most prominent representative, the CMA-ES algorithm, is widely used to solve difficult numerical optimization problems. We provide the first rigorous…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-25 Cheikh Touré , Anne Auger , Nikolaus Hansen

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) and Evolution Strategies (ESs) have surpassed human-level control in many sequential decision-making problems, yet many open challenges still exist. To get insights into the strengths and weaknesses of DRL…

Evolution strategies (ESs) are zeroth-order stochastic black-box optimization heuristics invariant to monotonic transformations of the objective function. They evolve a multivariate normal distribution, from which candidate solutions are…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-02-09 Youhei Akimoto , Anne Auger , Tobias Glasmachers , Daiki Morinaga

One of the biggest missing capabilities in current AI systems is the ability to learn continuously after deployment. Implementing such continually learning systems have several challenges, one of which is the large memory requirement of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Immanuel Abdi , Akshat Gupta , Micah Mok , Alexander Lu , Nicholas Lee , Gopala Anumanchipalli

Efficient Natural Evolution Strategies (eNES) is a novel alternative to conventional evolutionary algorithms, using the natural gradient to adapt the mutation distribution. Unlike previous methods based on natural gradients, eNES uses a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-09-27 Yi Sun , Daan Wierstra , Tom Schaul , Juergen Schmidhuber

Evolution Strategies (ES) has recently emerged as a competitive alternative to reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model (LLM) fine-tuning, offering advantages through simplicity, scalability, and inference-only training.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kajetan Schweighofer , Conor F. Hayes , Roberto Dailey , Risto Miikkulainen , Xin Qiu

In this work we show that Evolution Strategies (ES) are a viable method for learning non-differentiable parameters of large supervised models. ES are black-box optimization algorithms that estimate distributions of model parameters; however…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-06-10 Karel Lenc , Erich Elsen , Tom Schaul , Karen Simonyan

With the rapid development of quantum computers, several applications are being proposed for them. Quantum simulations, simulation of chemical reactions, solution of optimization problems and quantum neural networks (QNNs) are some…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-02 Lucas Friedrich , Jonas Maziero

Evolutionary Strategies (ES) are a popular family of black-box zeroth-order optimization algorithms which rely on search distributions to efficiently optimize a large variety of objective functions. This paper investigates the potential…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-01 Louis Faury , Clement Calauzenes , Olivier Fercoq , Syrine Krichen

Evolution Strategies (ES) are effective gradient-free optimization methods that can be competitive with gradient-based approaches for policy search. ES only rely on the total episodic scores of solutions in their population, from which they…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Paul Templier , Luca Grillotti , Emmanuel Rachelson , Dennis G. Wilson , Antoine Cully

We explore the use of Evolution Strategies (ES), a class of black box optimization algorithms, as an alternative to popular MDP-based RL techniques such as Q-learning and Policy Gradients. Experiments on MuJoCo and Atari show that ES is a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-09-11 Tim Salimans , Jonathan Ho , Xi Chen , Szymon Sidor , Ilya Sutskever

Evolution Strategies such as CMA-ES (covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy) and NES (natural evolution strategy) have been widely used in machine learning applications, where an objective function is optimized without using its…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-28 Haishan Ye , Tong Zhang
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