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We initiate the study of transaction fee mechanism design for blockchain protocols in which multiple block producers contribute to the production of each block. Our contributions include: - We propose an extensive-form (multi-stage) game…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Pranav Garimidi , Lioba Heimbach , Tim Roughgarden

This paper presents a reformulation in topos logic of a safety result arising in an abstract presentation of blockchain consensus protocols. That is, in a high-level template for "correct-by-construction" consensus protocols, it is shown…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2021-11-16 Michael Lambert

In this paper, we investigate the impact of reward schemes and committee sizes motivated by governance systems over blockchain communities. We introduce a model for elections with a binary outcome space where there is a ground truth (i.e.,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Georgios Birmpas , Philip Lazos , Evangelos Markakis , Paolo Penna

Mining processes of Bitcoin and similar cryptocurrencies are currently incentivized with voluntary transaction fees and fixed block rewards which will halve gradually to zero. In the setting where optional and arbitrary transaction fee…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Tiantian Gong , Mohsen Minaei , Wenhai Sun , Aniket Kate

The Egalitarian Allocation (EA) is a well-known profit sharing method for cooperative games which attempts to distribute profit among participants in a most equal way while respecting the individual contributions to the obtained profit.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-09-03 N. Gräf , T. Heller , S. O. Krumke

Blockchain applications that rely on the Proof-of-Work (PoW) have increasingly become energy inefficient with a staggering carbon footprint. In contrast, energy-efficient alternative consensus protocols such as Proof-of-Stake (PoS) may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Muhammad Saad , Zhan Qin , Kui Ren , DaeHun Nyang , David Mohaisen

We analyze Bitcoin mining from the perspective of a game and propose an optimal mining model that maximizes profits of pools and miners. The model is a two-stage Stackelberg game in which each stage forms a sub-game. In stage I, pools are…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-22 David Lajeunesse , Hugo D. Scolnik

Cooperative game theory has diverse applications in contemporary artificial intelligence, including domains like interpretable machine learning, resource allocation, and collaborative decision-making. However, specifying a cooperative game…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Filip Úradník , David Sychrovský , Jakub Černý , Martin Černý

Formal analyses of incentives for compliance with network protocols often appeal to game-theoretic models and concepts. Applications of game-theoretic analysis to network security have generally been limited to highly stylized models, where…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-06-04 Michael P. Wellman , Tae Hyung Kim , Quang Duong

This paper presents a comprehensive refutation of the so-called "blockchain trilemma," a widely cited but formally ungrounded claim asserting an inherent trade-off between decentralisation, security, and scalability in blockchain protocols.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Craig Wright

The security of most existing cryptocurrencies is based on a concept called Proof-of-Work, in which users must solve a computationally hard cryptopuzzle to authorize transactions (`one unit of computation, one vote'). This leads to enormous…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-19 Jonah Brown-Cohen , Arvind Narayanan , Christos-Alexandros Psomas , S. Matthew Weinberg

As an emerging decentralized secure data management platform, blockchain has gained much popularity recently. To maintain a canonical state of blockchain data record, proof-of-work based consensus protocols provide the nodes, referred to as…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-03-30 Yutao Jiao , Ping Wang , Dusit Niyato , Kongrath Suankaewmanee

The introduction of new services, such as Mobile Edge Computing (MEC), requires a massive investment that cannot be assumed by a single stakeholder, for instance the Infrastructure Provider (InP). Service Providers (SPs) however also have…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Amal Sakr , Andrea Araldo , Tijani Chahed , Daniel Kofman

Blockchain is rapidly emerging as an important class of network application, with a unique set of trust, security and transparency properties. In a blockchain system, participants record and update the `server-side' state of an application…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Yifan Mao , Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan

This paper addresses the benefit allocation in a mixed-energy truck platoon composed of fuel-powered and electric trucks. The interactions among trucks during platoon formation are modeled as a coalitional game with transferable utility. We…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-24 Ting Bai , Karl Henrik Johansson , Jonas Mårtensson , Andreas A. Malikopoulos

Proof of Stake (PoS) is a burgeoning Sybil resistance mechanism that aims to have a digital asset ("token") serve as security collateral in crypto networks. However, PoS has so far eluded a comprehensive threat model that encompasses both…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-02-05 Tarun Chitra

Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchain systems, especially those that allow stakeholders to organize themselves in ``stake-pools'', have emerged as a compelling paradigm for the deployment of large scale distributed ledgers. A stake-pool operates…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Aggelos Kiayias , Elias Koutsoupias , Aikaterini-Panagiota Stouka

We develop a general and practical framework to address the problem of the optimal design of dynamic fee mechanisms for multiple blockchain resources. Our framework allows to compute policies that optimally trade-off between adjusting…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Davide Crapis , Ciamac C. Moallemi , Shouqiao Wang

Leader-based protocols for consensus, i.e., atomic broadcast, allow some processes to unilaterally affect the final order of transactions. This has become a problem for blockchain networks and decentralized finance because it facilitates…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Christian Cachin , Jovana Mićić , Nathalie Steinhauer , Luca Zanolini

To address the large amount of energy wasted by blockchains, we propose a decentralized consensus protocol for blockchains in which the computation can be used to search for good approximate solutions to any optimization problem. Our…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Naoki Shibata