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Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, yet they struggle with inconsistent reasoning, particularly in novel domains and complex logical sequences. This research introduces Proof of Thought, a framework…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Debargha Ganguly , Srinivasan Iyengar , Vipin Chaudhary , Shivkumar Kalyanaraman

Algorithms which sort lists of real numbers into ascending order have been studied for decades. They are typically based on a series of pairwise comparisons and run entirely on chip. However people routinely sort lists which depend on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-12-28 Samuel L Smith

Large language models (LLMs) have shown significant progress in reasoning tasks. However, recent studies show that transformers and LLMs fail catastrophically once reasoning problems exceed modest complexity. We revisit these findings…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Revanth Rameshkumar , Jimson Huang , Yunxin Sun , Fei Xia , Abulhair Saparov

Machine learning algorithms enable advanced decision making in contemporary intelligent systems. Research indicates that there is a tradeoff between their model performance and explainability. Machine learning models with higher performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Lukas-Valentin Herm , Kai Heinrich , Jonas Wanner , Christian Janiesch

The current state-of-the-art in artificial intelligence is impressive, especially in terms of mastery of language, but not so much in terms of mathematical reasoning. What could be missing? Can we learn something useful about that gap from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Yoshua Bengio , Nikolay Malkin

While LLMs have seen substantial improvement in reasoning capabilities, they also sometimes overthink, generating unnecessary reasoning steps, particularly under uncertainty, given ill-posed or ambiguous queries. We introduce statistically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yangxinyu Xie , Tao Wang , Soham Mallick , Yan Sun , Georgy Noarov , Mengxin Yu , Tanwi Mallick , Weijie J. Su , Edgar Dobriban

Many problems in nonlinear analysis and optimization, among them variational inequalities and minimization of convex functions, can be reduced to finding zeros (namely, roots) of set-valued operators. Hence numerous algorithms have been…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-10-23 Daniel Reem , Simeon Reich

Mathematical optimization offers highly-effective tools for finding solutions for problems with well-defined goals, notably scheduling. However, optimization solvers are often unexplainable black boxes whose solutions are inaccessible to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-02-21 Kristijonas Čyras , Dimitrios Letsios , Ruth Misener , Francesca Toni

Until now, Computer Scientists have concerned themselves with identifying efficient algorithms for solving the general case of some problem -- that is finding one which performs well when the size of the input tends to infinity. In this…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Mircea-Adrian Digulescu

Continually solving new, unsolved tasks is the key to learning diverse behaviors. Through reinforcement learning (RL), we have made massive strides towards solving tasks that have a single goal. However, in the multi-task domain, where an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Yunzhi Zhang , Pieter Abbeel , Lerrel Pinto

In the 1980s a new, extraordinarily productive way of reasoning about algorithms emerged. In this paper, we introduce the term "outcome reasoning" to refer to this form of reasoning. Though outcome reasoning has come to dominate areas of…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2023-02-16 Jordan Rodu , Michael Baiocchi

Creating open-ended algorithms, which generate their own never-ending stream of novel and appropriately challenging learning opportunities, could help to automate and accelerate progress in machine learning. A recent step in this direction…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Rui Wang , Joel Lehman , Aditya Rawal , Jiale Zhi , Yulun Li , Jeff Clune , Kenneth O. Stanley

A critical failure mode of current lifelong agents is not lack of knowledge, but the inability to decide how to reason. When an agent encounters "Is this coin fair?" it must recognize whether to invoke frequentist hypothesis testing or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Zhaohui Geoffrey Wang

Software developers solve a diverse and wide range of problems. While software engineering research often focuses on tools to support this problem solving, the strategies that developers use to solve problems are at least as important. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Thomas D. LaToza , Maryam Arab , Dastyni Loksa , Amy J. Ko

Investigating the reasoning abilities of transformer models, and discovering new challenging tasks for them, has been a topic of much interest. Recent studies have found these models to be surprisingly strong at performing deductive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Kyle Richardson , Ashish Sabharwal

Mechanized theorem proving is becoming the basis of reliable systems programming and rigorous mathematics. Despite decades of progress in proof automation, writing mechanized proofs still requires engineers' expertise and remains labor…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-04-19 Yutaka Nagashima

The problem of scheduling with testing in the framework of explorable uncertainty models environments where some preliminary action can influence the duration of a task. In the model, each job has an unknown processing time that can be…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Susanne Albers , Alexander Eckl

Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) deals with the development of computer programs being able to show that some conjectures (queries) are a logical consequence of a set of axioms (facts and rules). There exists several successful ATPs where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Gabriele Picco , Hoang Thanh Lam , Marco Luca Sbodio , Vanessa Lopez Garcia

Competitive debaters often find themselves facing a challenging task -- how to debate a topic they know very little about, with only minutes to prepare, and without access to books or the Internet? What they often do is rely on "first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-23 Yonatan Bilu , Ariel Gera , Daniel Hershcovich , Benjamin Sznajder , Dan Lahav , Guy Moshkowich , Anael Malet , Assaf Gavron , Noam Slonim

Motivated by recent increased interest in optimization algorithms for non-convex optimization in application to training deep neural networks and other optimization problems in data analysis, we give an overview of recent theoretical…