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We introduce a notion of real-valued reward testing for probabilistic processes by extending the traditional nonnegative-reward testing with negative rewards. In this richer testing framework, the may and must preorders turn out to be…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-07-07 Yuxin Deng , Rob van Glabbeek , Matthew Hennessy , Carroll Morgan

In this manuscript, we study stochastic comparisons of the second-order statistics from dependent or independent observations with modified proportional hazard rates models. First, we establish the usual stochastic order of the second-order…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-01-06 Niu Jiale

We discuss two novel approaches to the classical two-sample problem. Our starting point are properly standardized and combined, very popular in several areas of statistics and data analysis, ordinal dominance and receiver characteristic…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-26 Teresa Ledwina , Adam Zagdański

The log-rank test is most powerful under proportional hazards (PH). In practice, non-PH patterns are often observed in clinical trials, such as in immuno-oncology; therefore, alternative methods are needed to restore the efficiency of…

Ordinal measurements are common outcomes in studies within psychology, as well as in the social and behavioral sciences. Choosing an appropriate regression model for analysing such data poses a difficult task. This paper aims to facilitate…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-03 Stefan Inerle , Markus Pauly , Moritz Berger

Several procedures have been recently proposed to test the simplifying assumption for conditional copulas. Instead of considering pointwise conditioning events, we study the constancy of the conditional dependence structure when some…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-24 Alexis Derumigny , Jean-David Fermanian , Aleksey Min

This manuscript investigates the stochastic comparisons of the second-order statistics from dependent and heterogeneous general semi-parametric family of distributions observations. Some sufficient conditions on the usual stochastic order…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-07-29 Guoqiang Lv

Results in epidemiology and social science often require the removal of confounding effects from measurements of the pairwise correlation of variables in survey data. This is typically accomplished by some variant of linear regression…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-02 William H. Press

We investigate a two-qubit system to understand the relationship between concurrence and mutual information, where the former determines the amount of quantum entanglement, whereas the latter is its classical residue after performing local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-05 Yong Kwon , Seung Ki Baek , Jaegon Um

A Bayes factor is proposed for testing whether the effect of a key predictor variable on the dependent variable is linear or nonlinear, possibly while controlling for certain covariates. The test can be used (i) when one is interested in…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-09-16 Joris Mulder

Pearson's correlation coefficient is a popular statistical measure to summarize the strength of association between two continuous variables. It is usually interpreted via its square as percentage of variance of one variable predicted by…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-09 Romain Piaget-Rossel , Valentin Rousson

Thousands of experiments are analyzed and papers are published each year involving the statistical analysis of grouped data. While this area of statistics is often perceived -- somewhat naively -- as saturated, several misconceptions still…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-02 Sara Algeri , Estate V. Khmaladze

To alleviate the data requirement for training effective binary classifiers in binary classification, many weakly supervised learning settings have been proposed. Among them, some consider using pairwise but not pointwise labels, when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Lei Feng , Senlin Shu , Nan Lu , Bo Han , Miao Xu , Gang Niu , Bo An , Masashi Sugiyama

We consider a Kendall's tau measure between a binary group indicator and the continuous variable under investigation to develop a thorough two-sample comparison procedure. The measure serves as a useful alternative to the hazard ratio whose…

Odds ratios and log-linear parameters are not collapsible, meaning that including a variable into the analysis or omitting one from it, may change the strength of association among the remaining variables. Even the direction of association…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-08-12 Tamas Rudas

Spatial interaction between two or more classes or species has important implications in various fields and causes multivariate patterns such as segregation or association. Segregation occurs when members of a class or species are more…

Methodology · Statistics 2009-02-09 Elvan Ceyhan

We introduce a new conservative test for quantifying the consistency of two or more datasets. The test is based on the Bayesian answer to the question, ``How much more probable is it that all my data were generated from the same model…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Phil Marshall , Nutan Rajguru , Anze Slosar

Scholars frequently use covariate balance tests to test the validity of natural experiments and related designs. Unfortunately, when measured covariates are unrelated to potential outcomes, balance is uninformative about key identification…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-15 Clara Bicalho , Adam Bouyamourn , Thad Dunning

Between the two dominant schools of thought in statistics, namely, Bayesian and classical/frequentist, a main difference is that the former is grounded in the mathematically rigorous theory of probability while the latter is not. In this…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-12-22 Ryan Martin

We study how to perform tests on samples of pairs of observations and predictions in order to assess whether or not the predictions are prudent. Prudence requires that that the mean of the difference of the observation-prediction pairs can…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2022-10-03 Dirk Tasche