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Trotterization is the most common and convenient approximation method for Hamiltonian simulations on digital quantum computers, but estimating its error accurately is computationally difficult for large quantum systems. Here, we develop a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-19 Tatsuhiko N. Ikeda , Hideki Kono , Keisuke Fujii

Trotterization is one of the central approaches for simulating quantum many-body dynamics on quantum computers or tensor networks. In addition to its simple implementation, recent studies have revealed that its error and cost can be reduced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-17 Kaoru Mizuta , Tomotaka Kuwahara

Trotter-Suzuki decompositions are frequently used in the quantum simulation of quantum chemistry. They transform the evolution operator into a form implementable on a quantum device, while incurring an error---the Trotter error. The Trotter…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-08 Andrew Tranter , Peter J. Love , Florian Mintert , Nathan Wiebe , Peter V. Coveney

Product formula approximations of the time-evolution operator on quantum computers are of great interest due to their simplicity, and good scaling with system size by exploiting commutativity between Hamiltonian terms. However, product…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-24 Guang Hao Low , Vadym Kliuchnikov , Nathan Wiebe

Efficient error estimates for the Trotter product formula are central in quantum computing, mathematical physics, and numerical simulations. However, the Trotter error's dependency on the input state and its application to unbounded…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-28 Daniel Burgarth , Paolo Facchi , Alexander Hahn , Mattias Johnsson , Kazuya Yuasa

Understanding the impact of gate errors on quantum circuits is crucial to determining the potential applications of quantum computers, especially in the absence of large-scale error-corrected hardware. We put forward analytical arguments,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-20 Eli Chertkov , Yi-Hsiang Chen , Michael Lubasch , David Hayes , Michael Foss-Feig

Quantum simulation is a promising way toward practical quantum advantage, but noise in current quantum hardware poses a significant obstacle. We prove that not only the physical error but also the algorithmic error in a single Trotter step…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Jue Xu , Chu Zhao , Junyu Fan , Qi Zhao

In quantum computing, Trotter estimates are critical for enabling efficient simulation of quantum systems and quantum dynamics, help implement complex quantum algorithms, and provide a systematic way to control approximate errors. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-31 Sarah Chehade , Andrea Delgado , Shuzhou Wang , Zhenhua Wang

Quantum computers offer the potential to efficiently simulate the dynamics of quantum systems, a task whose difficulty scales exponentially with system size on classical devices. To assess the potential for near-term quantum computers to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-06 Nathan M. Myers , Ryan Scott , Kwon Park , Vito W. Scarola

A higher-order Suzuki-Trotter decomposition or Trotterization can be exploited to mitigate the Trotter error in digital quantum simulation. This work revisits the second-order symmetric Trotterization in terms of the Trotter error, where…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Yeonghun Lee

The Lie-Trotter formula, together with its higher-order generalizations, provides a direct approach to decomposing the exponential of a sum of operators. Despite significant effort, the error scaling of such product formulas remains poorly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-05 Andrew M. Childs , Yuan Su , Minh C. Tran , Nathan Wiebe , Shuchen Zhu

Fault-tolerant quantum computing is a promising tool for simulating molecules and materials, but frequently-considered applications require substantial resources, and the gap between hardware capabilities and requirements remains…

We consider Hamiltonian simulation using the first order Lie-Trotter product formula under the assumption that the initial state has a high overlap with an energy eigenstate, or a collection of eigenstates in a narrow energy band. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-26 Changhao Yi , Elizabeth Crosson

Digital quantum simulation relies on Trotterization to discretize time evolution into elementary quantum gates. On current quantum processors with notable gate imperfections, there is a critical tradeoff between improved accuracy for finer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-09 Hongzheng Zhao , Marin Bukov , Markus Heyl , Roderich Moessner

When estimating the eigenvalues of a given observable, even fault-tolerant quantum computers will be subject to errors, namely algorithmic errors. These stem from approximations in the algorithms implementing the unitary passed to phase…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-11 Adam Siegel , Kosuke Mitarai , Keisuke Fujii

The simulation of molecules is a widely anticipated application of quantum computers. However, recent studies \cite{WBCH13a,HWBT14a} have cast a shadow on this hope by revealing that the complexity in gate count of such simulations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-05 David Poulin , M. B. Hastings , Dave Wecker , Nathan Wiebe , Andrew C. Doherty , Matthias Troyer

Simulating real-time dynamics under a Hamiltonian is a central goal of quantum information science. While numerous Hamiltonian-simulation quantum algorithms have been proposed, the effects of physical noise have rarely been incorporated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 Keisuke Murota , Synge Todo , Suguru Endo

We study the influence of errors and decoherence on both the performance of Shor's factoring algorithm and Grover's search algorithm, and on the amount of interference in these algorithms using a recently proposed interference measure. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-03-19 Daniel Braun , Bertrand Georgeot

Hamiltonian simulation is believed to be one of the first tasks where quantum computers can yield a quantum advantage. One of the most popular methods of Hamiltonian simulation is Trotterization, which makes use of the approximation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-09 Lea M. Trenkwalder , Eleanor Scerri , Thomas E. O'Brien , Vedran Dunjko

Nonequilibrium time evolution of large quantum systems is a strong candidate for quantum advantage. Variational quantum algorithms have been put forward for this task, but their quantum optimization routines suffer from trainability and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-12 Refik Mansuroglu , Felix Fischer , Michael J. Hartmann