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We study the asymptotic shape of the trajectory of the stochastic gradient descent algorithm applied to a convex objective function. Under mild regularity assumptions, we prove a functional central limit theorem for the properly rescaled…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-18 Kessang Flamand , Victor-Emmanuel Brunel

Stochastic gradient descent in continuous time (SGDCT) provides a computationally efficient method for the statistical learning of continuous-time models, which are widely used in science, engineering, and finance. The SGDCT algorithm…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-06-18 Justin Sirignano , Konstantinos Spiliopoulos

This paper develops asymptotic theory for quantile estimation via stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with a constant learning rate. The quantile loss function is neither smooth nor strongly convex. Beyond conventional perspectives and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-06 Ziyang Wei , Jiaqi Li , Likai Chen , Wei Biao Wu

The convergence of stochastic interacting particle systems in the mean-field limit to solutions of conservative stochastic partial differential equations is established, with optimal rate of convergence. As a second main result, a…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-12-15 Benjamin Gess , Rishabh S. Gvalani , Vitalii Konarovskyi

We provide non-asymptotic convergence rates of the Polyak-Ruppert averaged stochastic gradient descent (SGD) to a normal random vector for a class of twice-differentiable test functions. A crucial intermediate step is proving a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-04-04 Andreas Anastasiou , Krishnakumar Balasubramanian , Murat A. Erdogdu

Stochastic gradient algorithms are more and more studied since they can deal efficiently and online with large samples in high dimensional spaces. In this paper, we first establish a Central Limit Theorem for these estimates as well as for…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-10-17 Antoine Godichon-Baggioni

We establish a convergence theorem for a certain type of stochastic gradient descent, which leads to a convergent variant of the back-propagation algorithm

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-04-02 Hao Wu

In this article we establish central limit theorems for multilevel Polyak-Ruppert averaged stochastic approximation schemes. We work under very mild technical assumptions and consider the slow regime in wich typical errors decay like…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-12-18 Steffen Dereich

We revisited the central limit theorem (CLT) for stochastic gradient descent (SGD) type methods, including the vanilla SGD, momentum SGD and Nesterov accelerated SGD methods with constant or vanishing damping parameters. By taking advantage…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-12 Tiejun Li , Tiannan Xiao , Guoguo Yang

Stochastic coordinate descent algorithms are efficient methods in which each iterate is obtained by fixing most coordinates at their values from the current iteration, and approximately minimizing the objective with respect to the remaining…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-02 Eméric Gbaguidi

Gradient descent and stochastic gradient descent are central to modern machine learning, yet their behavior under large step sizes remains theoretically unclear. Recent work suggests that acceleration often arises near the edge of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Sacchit Kale , Piyushi Manupriya , Pierre Marion , Francis Bach , Anant Raj

We analyze the behavior of randomized coordinate gradient descent for nonconvex optimization, proving that under standard assumptions, the iterates almost surely escape strict saddle points. By formulating the method as a nonlinear random…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-12 Ziang Chen , Yingzhou Li , Zihao Li

We analyze the behavior of stochastic approximation algorithms where iterates, in expectation, progress towards an objective at each step. When progress is proportional to the step size of the algorithm, we prove exponential concentration…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-26 Kody Law , Neil Walton , Shangda Yang

Statistical machine learning models trained with stochastic gradient algorithms are increasingly being deployed in critical scientific applications. However, computing the stochastic gradient in several such applications is highly expensive…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-16 Yanhao Jin , Tesi Xiao , Krishnakumar Balasubramanian

This paper establishes central limit theorems for Polyak-Ruppert averaged Q-learning under asynchronous updates. We prove a non-asymptotic central limit theorem, where the convergence rate in Wasserstein distance explicitly reflects the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xingtu Liu

This paper is devoted to the non-asymptotic control of the mean-squared error for the Ruppert-Polyak stochastic averaged gradient descent introduced in the seminal contributions of [Rup88] and [PJ92]. In our main results, we establish…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-09-12 Sébastien Gadat , Fabien Panloup

The asymptotic behavior of stochastic gradient algorithms is studied. Relying on results from differential geometry (Lojasiewicz gradient inequality), the single limit-point convergence of the algorithm iterates is demonstrated and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2013-09-19 Vladislav B. Tadic

In order to characterize the fluctuation between the ergodic limit and the time-averaging estimator of a full discretization in a quantitative way, we establish a central limit theorem for the full discretization of the parabolic stochastic…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-02-21 Chuchu Chen , Tonghe Dang , Jialin Hong , Tau Zhou

The intent of this paper is to describe the large scale asymptotic geometry of iteration stable (STIT) tessellations in $\mathbb{R}^d$, which form a rather new, rich and flexible class of random tessellations considered in stochastic…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-12-25 Tomasz Schreiber , Christoph Thaele

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with mini-batching is a standard tool in large-scale optimization, yet its theoretical properties under heavy-tailed gradient noise remain largely unexplored. In this paper we study SGD with increasing…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-11 Bartosz Glowacki , Rafal Kulik , Philippe Soulier
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