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Detecting a stochastic gravitational wave background, particularly radiation from individually unresolvable super-massive black hole binary systems, is one of the primary targets for Pulsar Timing Arrays. Increasingly more stringent upper…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-16 Chiara M. F. Mingarelli , Trevor Sidery , Ilya Mandel , Alberto Vecchio

A single space-based gravitational wave detector will push the boundaries of astronomy and fundamental physics. Having a network of two or more detectors would significantly improve source localization. Here we consider how dual networks of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-04-06 Kevin J. Shuman , Neil J. Cornish

An astrophysical population of supermassive black hole binaries is thought to be the strongest source of gravitational waves in the frequency range covered by Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs). A potential cause for concern is that the standard…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-01-23 Neil J. Cornish , A. Sesana

Galaxy observations suggest that mergers of supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) are rare events, with rates of order one per decade across the observable Universe. We present a framework to search for merging SMBHBs in pulsar timing…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-17 Sharon Mary Tomson , Boris Goncharov , Rutger van Haasteren

Pulsar timing array collaborations, such as the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav), are seeking to detect nanohertz gravitational waves emitted by supermassive black hole binaries formed in the aftermath…

We present a detailed analysis of the expected signal-to-noise ratios of supermassive black hole binaries on eccentric orbits observed by pulsar timing arrays. We derive several analytical relations that extend the results of Peters and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-09-11 E. A. Huerta , Sean T. McWilliams , Jonathan R. Gair , Stephen R. Taylor

Recent progress in gravitational wave observations has positioned Pulsar Timing Arrays as a key tool for detecting the stochastic gravitational wave background in the nanohertz band. It is widely believed that this background is primarily…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-05-20 Hinano Hisamatsu , Koutarou Kyutoku

Recent Advanced LIGO detections of binary black hole mergers have prompted multiple studies investigating the possibility that the heavy GW150914 binary system was of primordial origin, and hence could be evidence for dark matter in the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2016-11-15 Vuk Mandic , Simeon Bird , Ilias Cholis

Third-generation gravitational wave detectors such as Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer will have significantly better sensitivities than current detectors, as well as a wider frequency bandwidth. This will increase the number and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-22 Tomasz Baka , Harsh Narola , Justin Janquart , Anuradha Samajdar , Tim Dietrich , Chris Van Den Broeck

Pulsar-timing-array experiments have reported evidence for a stochastic background of nanohertz gravitational waves consistent with the signal expected from a population of supermassive--black-hole binaries. Their analyses assume power-law…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-03-17 Gabriella Agazie , Akash Anumarlapudi , Anne M. Archibald , Zaven Arzoumanian , Jeremy George Baier , Paul T. Baker , Bence Bécsy , Laura Blecha , Adam Brazier , Paul R. Brook , Sarah Burke-Spolaor , J. Andrew Casey-Clyde , Maria Charisi , Shami Chatterjee , Katerina Chatziioannou , Tyler Cohen , James M. Cordes , Neil J. Cornish , Fronefield Crawford , H. Thankful Cromartie , Kathryn Crowter , Megan E. DeCesar , Paul B. Demorest , Heling Deng , Lankeswar Dey , Timothy Dolch , Elizabeth C. Ferrara , William Fiore , Emmanuel Fonseca , Gabriel E. Freedman , Emiko C. Gardiner , Nate Garver-Daniels , Peter A. Gentile , Kyle A. Gersbach , Joseph Glaser , Deborah C. Good , Kayhan Gültekin , Jeffrey S. Hazboun , Ross J. Jennings , Aaron D. Johnson , Megan L. Jones , Andrew R. Kaiser , David L. Kaplan , Luke Zoltan Kelley , Matthew Kerr , Joey S. Key , Nima Laal , Michael T. Lam , William G. Lamb , Bjorn Larsen , T. Joseph W. Lazio , Natalia Lewandowska , Tingting Liu , Duncan R. Lorimer , Jing Luo , Ryan S. Lynch , Chung-Pei Ma , Dustin R. Madison , Alexander McEwen , James W. McKee , Maura A. McLaughlin , Natasha McMann , Bradley W. Meyers , Patrick M. Meyers , Chiara M. F. Mingarelli , Andrea Mitridate , Cherry Ng , David J. Nice , Stella Koch Ocker , Ken D. Olum , Timothy T. Pennucci , Benetge B. P. Perera , Nihan S. Pol , Henri A. Radovan , Scott M. Ransom , Paul S. Ray , Joseph D. Romano , Jessie C. Runnoe , Alexander Saffer , Shashwat C. Sardesai , Ann Schmiedekamp , Carl Schmiedekamp , Kai Schmitz , Brent J. Shapiro-Albert , Xavier Siemens , Joseph Simon , Magdalena S. Siwek , Sophia V. Sosa Fiscella , Ingrid H. Stairs , Daniel R. Stinebring , Kevin Stovall , Abhimanyu Susobhanan , Joseph K. Swiggum , Stephen R. Taylor , Jacob E. Turner , Caner Unal , Michele Vallisneri , Sarah J. Vigeland , Haley M. Wahl , Caitlin A. Witt , David Wright , Olivia Young

A nanohertz-frequency stochastic gravitational-wave background can potentially be detected through the precise timing of an array of millisecond pulsars. This background produces low-frequency noise in the pulse arrival times that would…

Primordial black holes, if considered to constitute a significant fraction of cold dark matter, trace the inhomogeneous large-scale structure of the Universe. Consequently, the stochastic gravitational-wave background, originating from…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-22 Sai Wang , Valeri Vardanyan , Kazunori Kohri

The coalescences of massive black hole binaries are one of the main targets of space-based gravitational wave observatories. Such gravitational wave sources are expected to be accompanied by electromagnetic emissions. Low latency detection…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-04-18 Wen-Hong Ruan , He Wang , Chang Liu , Zong-Kuan Guo

Individual supermassive black hole binaries in non-circular orbits are possible nanohertz gravitational wave sources for the rapidly maturing Pulsar Timing Array experiments. We develop an accurate and efficient approach to compute Pulsar…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-03-11 Abhimanyu Susobhanan , Achamveedu Gopakumar , George Hobbs , Stephen R. Taylor

This paper considers the problem of searching for quiet, long-duration and broadband gravitational wave signals, such as stellar-mass binary black hole binaries, in mock LISA data. We propose a method that combines a semi-coherent…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-10-17 Diganta Bandopadhyay , Christopher J. Moore

The gravitational-wave background from supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs) has yet to be detected. This has led to speculations as to whether current pulsar timing array limits are in tension with theoretical predictions. In this…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-01-07 Xing-Jiang Zhu , Weiguang Cui , Eric Thrane

Anisotropies in the nanohertz gravitational-wave background are a compelling next target for pulsar timing arrays (PTAs). Measurements or informative upper limits to the anisotropies are expected in the near future and can offer important…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-26 Gabriela Sato-Polito , Marc Kamionkowski

We discuss the extraction of information from detected binary black hole (BBH) coalescence gravitational waves, focusing on the merger phase that occurs after the gradual inspiral and before the ringdown. Our results are: (1) If numerical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-11-17 Eanna E. Flanagan , Scott A. Hughes

Space-based gravitational-wave observatories will detect the early inspiral of stellar-mass binary black holes and can track their eccentricity evolution. However, untargeted searches in the space band are computationally demanding and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-05-01 Han Wang , Michael J. Williams , Ian Harry , Yi-Ming Hu

The merger rate of black hole binaries inferred from the detections in the first Advanced LIGO science run, implies that a stochastic background produced by a cosmological population of mergers will likely mask the primordial…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2017-04-19 T. Regimbau , M. Evans , N. Christensen , E. Katsavounidis , B. Sathyaprakash , S. Vitale