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Energy based models (EBMs) are appealing due to their generality and simplicity in likelihood modeling, but have been traditionally difficult to train. We present techniques to scale MCMC based EBM training on continuous neural networks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Yilun Du , Igor Mordatch

Energy-Based Models (EBMs) have proven to be a highly effective approach for modelling densities on finite-dimensional spaces. Their ability to incorporate domain-specific choices and constraints into the structure of the model through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Jen Ning Lim , Sebastian Vollmer , Lorenz Wolf , Andrew Duncan

Recent analyses question whether reinforcement learning (RL) is responsible for strong reasoning in large language models (LLMs). At the same time, distillation and inference-time sampling, including power sampling, have emerged as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Akiyoshi Tomihari , Issei Sato

Retrosynthesis -- the process of identifying a set of reactants to synthesize a target molecule -- is of vital importance to material design and drug discovery. Existing machine learning approaches based on language models and graph neural…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-12-10 Ruoxi Sun , Hanjun Dai , Li Li , Steven Kearnes , Bo Dai

Energy-based models for discrete domains, such as graphs, explicitly capture relative likelihoods, naturally enabling composable probabilistic inference tasks like conditional generation or enforcing constraints at test-time. However,…

Deep energy-based models (EBMs) are very flexible in distribution parametrization but computationally challenging because of the intractable partition function. They are typically trained via maximum likelihood, using contrastive divergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Lantao Yu , Yang Song , Jiaming Song , Stefano Ermon

Energy-based models (EBMs) are generative models that are usually trained via maximum likelihood estimation. This approach becomes challenging in generic situations where the trained energy is non-convex, due to the need to sample the Gibbs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-16 Carles Domingo-Enrich , Alberto Bietti , Marylou Gabrié , Joan Bruna , Eric Vanden-Eijnden

We propose a novel method called Long Expressive Memory (LEM) for learning long-term sequential dependencies. LEM is gradient-based, it can efficiently process sequential tasks with very long-term dependencies, and it is sufficiently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-28 T. Konstantin Rusch , Siddhartha Mishra , N. Benjamin Erichson , Michael W. Mahoney

Simultaneously achieving robust classification and high-fidelity generative modeling within a single framework presents a significant challenge. Hybrid approaches, such as Joint Energy-Based Models (JEM), interpret classifiers as EBMs but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Xuwang Yin , Claire Zhang , Julie Steele , Nir Shavit , Tony T. Wang

Energy-based models (EBM) have become increasingly popular within computer vision. EBMs bring a probabilistic approach to training deep neural networks (DNN) and have been shown to enhance performance in areas such as calibration,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Jacob Piland , Christopher Sweet , Priscila Saboia , Charles Vardeman , Adam Czajka

The General Associative Memory Model (GAMM) has a constant state-dependant energy surface that leads the output dynamics to fixed points, retrieving single memories from a collection of memories that can be asynchronously preloaded. We…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Arjun Karuvally , Terry J. Sejnowski , Hava T. Siegelmann

Recent work has explored integrating autoregressive language models with energy-based models (EBMs) to enhance text generation capabilities. However, learning effective EBMs for text is challenged by the discrete nature of language. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Xuwang Yin

Autoregressive generative models are commonly used, especially for those tasks involving sequential data. They have, however, been plagued by a slew of inherent flaws due to the intrinsic characteristics of chain-style conditional modeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Yezhen Wang , Tong Che , Bo Li , Kaitao Song , Hengzhi Pei , Yoshua Bengio , Dongsheng Li

Learning energy-based models (EBMs) is known to be difficult especially on discrete data where gradient-based learning strategies cannot be applied directly. Although ratio matching is a sound method to learn discrete EBMs, it suffers from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Meng Liu , Haoran Liu , Shuiwang Ji

In this paper, we quantify the impact of using non-convergent Markov chains to train Energy-Based models (EBMs). In particular, we show analytically that EBMs trained with non-persistent short runs to estimate the gradient can perfectly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Elisabeth Agoritsas , Giovanni Catania , Aurélien Decelle , Beatriz Seoane

Energy-based modeling is a promising approach to unsupervised learning, which yields many downstream applications from a single model. The main difficulty in learning energy-based models with the "contrastive approaches" is the generation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Kirill Neklyudov , Priyank Jaini , Max Welling

While energy-based models (EBMs) exhibit a number of desirable properties, training and sampling on high-dimensional datasets remains challenging. Inspired by recent progress on diffusion probabilistic models, we present a diffusion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Ruiqi Gao , Yang Song , Ben Poole , Ying Nian Wu , Diederik P. Kingma

Multimodal generative models have recently gained significant attention for their ability to learn representations across various modalities, enhancing joint and cross-generation coherence. However, most existing works use standard Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Shiyu Yuan , Jiali Cui , Hanao Li , Tian Han

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been effective for post-training autoregressive (AR) language models, but extending these methods to diffusion language models (DLMs) is challenging due to intractable sequence-level likelihoods. Existing…

Multi-attribute classification generalizes classification, presenting new challenges for making accurate predictions and quantifying uncertainty. We build upon recent work and show that architectures for multi-attribute prediction can be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Jacob Kelly , Richard Zemel , Will Grathwohl