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We study shallow and deep neural networks whose inputs range over a general topological space. The model is built from a prescribed family of continuous feature maps and reduces to multilayer feedforward networks in the Euclidean case. We…

General Topology · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Vugar Ismailov

While the optimization problem behind deep neural networks is highly non-convex, it is frequently observed in practice that training deep networks seems possible without getting stuck in suboptimal points. It has been argued that this is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-14 Quynh Nguyen , Matthias Hein

Recent work has established clear links between the generalization performance of trained neural networks and the geometry of their loss landscape near the local minima to which they converge. This suggests that qualitative and quantitative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Stefan Horoi , Jessie Huang , Bastian Rieck , Guillaume Lajoie , Guy Wolf , Smita Krishnaswamy

The success of deep neural networks hinges on our ability to accurately and efficiently optimize high-dimensional, non-convex functions. In this paper, we empirically investigate the loss functions of state-of-the-art networks, and how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-11 Daniel Jiwoong Im , Michael Tao , Kristin Branson

We consider the ability of deep neural networks to represent data that lies near a low-dimensional manifold in a high-dimensional space. We show that deep networks can efficiently extract the intrinsic, low-dimensional coordinates of such…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-02-16 Ronen Basri , David Jacobs

Deep neural networks have attained remarkable success across diverse classification tasks. Recent empirical studies have shown that deep networks learn features that are linearly separable across classes. However, these findings often lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Alec S. Xu , Can Yaras , Peng Wang , Qing Qu

Supervised training of a convolutional network for object classification should make explicit any information related to the class of objects and disregard any auxiliary information associated with the capture of the image or the variation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-11-25 Ali Sharif Razavian , Hossein Azizpour , Atsuto Maki , Josephine Sullivan , Carl Henrik Ek , Stefan Carlsson

Deep neural networks have emerged as powerful tools for learning operators defined over infinite-dimensional function spaces. However, existing theories frequently encounter difficulties related to dimensionality and limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jianfei Li , Shuo Huang , Han Feng , Ding-Xuan Zhou , Gitta Kutyniok

Most of existing statistical theories on deep neural networks have sample complexities cursed by the data dimension and therefore cannot well explain the empirical success of deep learning on high-dimensional data. To bridge this gap, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-13 Hao Liu , Minshuo Chen , Tuo Zhao , Wenjing Liao

There is some theoretical evidence that deep neural networks with multiple hidden layers have a potential for more efficient representation of multidimensional mappings than shallow networks with a single hidden layer. The question is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Bernhard Bermeitinger , Tomas Hrycej , Siegfried Handschuh

Artificial neural networks are functions depending on a finite number of parameters typically encoded as weights and biases. The identification of the parameters of the network from finite samples of input-output pairs is often referred to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Massimo Fornasier , Timo Klock , Marco Mondelli , Michael Rauchensteiner

We prove a general Embedding Principle of loss landscape of deep neural networks (NNs) that unravels a hierarchical structure of the loss landscape of NNs, i.e., loss landscape of an NN contains all critical points of all the narrower NNs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Yaoyu Zhang , Yuqing Li , Zhongwang Zhang , Tao Luo , Zhi-Qin John Xu

Understanding the relation between deep and shallow neural networks is extremely important for the theoretical study of deep learning. In this work, we discover an embedding principle in depth that loss landscape of an NN "contains" all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Zhiwei Bai , Tao Luo , Zhi-Qin John Xu , Yaoyu Zhang

The loss landscape of deep neural networks (DNNs) is commonly considered complex and wildly fluctuated. However, an interesting observation is that the loss surfaces plotted along Gaussian noise directions are almost v-basin ones with the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yichu Xu , Xin-Chun Li , Lan Li , De-Chuan Zhan

Neural networks provide a rich class of high-dimensional, non-convex optimization problems. Despite their non-convexity, gradient-descent methods often successfully optimize these models. This has motivated a recent spur in research…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-06-18 Luca Venturi , Afonso S. Bandeira , Joan Bruna

Understanding the loss surface of neural networks is essential for the design of models with predictable performance and their success in applications. Experimental results suggest that sufficiently deep and wide neural networks are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Henning Petzka , Cristian Sminchisescu

We introduce a probability distribution, combined with an efficient sampling algorithm, for weights and biases of fully-connected neural networks. In a supervised learning context, no iterative optimization or gradient computations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Erik Lien Bolager , Iryna Burak , Chinmay Datar , Qing Sun , Felix Dietrich

In comparison to classical shallow representation learning techniques, deep neural networks have achieved superior performance in nearly every application benchmark. But despite their clear empirical advantages, it is still not well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Calvin Murdock , George Cazenavette , Simon Lucey

Deep learning has been widely applied and brought breakthroughs in speech recognition, computer vision, and many other domains. The involved deep neural network architectures and computational issues have been well studied in machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-23 Ding-Xuan Zhou

We propose to impose symmetry in neural network parameters to improve parameter usage and make use of dedicated convolution and matrix multiplication routines. Due to significant reduction in the number of parameters as a result of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-11 Xu Shell Hu , Sergey Zagoruyko , Nikos Komodakis