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Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) that operate in an event-driven manner and employ binary spike representation have recently emerged as promising candidates for energy-efficient computing. However, a cost bottleneck arises in obtaining…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Yunpeng Yao , Man Wu , Zheng Chen , Renyuan Zhang

Temporal processing is fundamental for both biological and artificial intelligence systems, as it enables the comprehension of dynamic environments and facilitates timely responses. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) excel in handling such data…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Chenxiang Ma , Xinyi Chen , Yanchen Li , Qu Yang , Yujie Wu , Guoqi Li , Gang Pan , Huajin Tang , Kay Chen Tan , Jibin Wu

Inspired by biology, spiking neural networks (SNNs) process information via discrete spikes over time, offering an energy-efficient alternative to the classical computing paradigm and classical artificial neural networks (ANNs). In this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Shayan Hundrieser , Philipp Tuchel , Insung Kong , Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) simulators are essential tools to prototype biologically inspired models and neuromorphic hardware architectures and predict their performance. For such a tool, ease of use and flexibility are critical, but so…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Jamie Lohoff , Jan Finkbeiner , Emre Neftci

The machine learning community has become increasingly interested in the energy efficiency of neural networks. The Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is a promising approach to energy-efficient computing, since its activation levels are quantized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Aaron R. Voelker , Daniel Rasmussen , Chris Eliasmith

Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) are more closely related to brain-like computation and inspire hardware implementation. This is enabled by small networks that give high performance on standard classification problems. In literature, typical…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-12-08 Anmol Biswas , Sidharth Prasad , Sandip Lashkare , Udayan Ganguly

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are widely employed to solve various problems, e.g., image classification. Due to their compute- and data-intensive nature, CNN accelerators have been developed as ASICs or on FPGAs. Increasing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Patrick Plagwitz , Frank Hannig , Jürgen Teich , Oliver Keszocze

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are promising biologically plausible models of computation which utilize a spiking binary activation function similar to that of biological neurons. SNNs are well positioned to process spatiotemporal data, and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Boxun Xu , Richard Boone , Peng Li

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are powerful mathematical models that integrate the biological details of neural systems, but their complexity often makes them computationally expensive and analytically untractable. The firing rate of an SNN…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-15 Zhongyi Wang , Louis Tao , Zhuo-Cheng Xiao

Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) are a class of bio-inspired neural networks that promise to bring low-power and low-latency inference to edge devices through asynchronous and sparse processing. However, being temporal models, SNNs depend…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Asude Aydin , Mathias Gehrig , Daniel Gehrig , Davide Scaramuzza

Large-scale neuromorphic architectures consist of computing tiles that communicate spikes using a shared interconnect. The communication patterns in such systems are inherently sparse, asynchronous, and localized due to the spiking nature…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Phu Khanh Huynh , Francky Catthoor , Anup Das

Efficient parallel computing has become a pivotal element in advancing artificial intelligence. Yet, the deployment of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) in this domain is hampered by their inherent sequential computational dependency. This…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yang Li , Yinqian Sun , Xiang He , Yiting Dong , Dongcheng Zhao , Yi Zeng

Modern quantum computers rely heavily on real-time control systems for operation. Software for these systems is becoming increasingly more complex due to the demand for more features and more real-time devices to control. Unfortunately,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-30 Leon Riesebos , Kenneth R. Brown

Practically everything computers do is better, faster, and more power-efficient than the brain. For example, a calculator performs numerical computations more energy-efficiently than any human. Yet modern AI models are a thousand times less…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Eugene Izhikevich

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) show great potential due to their energy efficiency, fast processing capabilities, and robustness. There are two main approaches to constructing SNNs. Direct training methods require much memory, while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Zihan Huang , Xinyu Shi , Zecheng Hao , Tong Bu , Jianhao Ding , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Simulation speed matters for neuroscientific research: this includes not only how quickly the simulated model time of a large-scale spiking neuronal network progresses, but also how long it takes to instantiate the network model in computer…

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) recently gained momentum due to their low-power multiplication-free computing and the closer resemblance of biological processes in the nervous system of humans. However, SNNs require very long spike trains…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Daniel Gerlinghoff , Zhehui Wang , Xiaozhe Gu , Rick Siow Mong Goh , Tao Luo

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are able to learn spatiotemporal features while using less energy, especially on neuromorphic hardware. The most widely used spiking neuron in deep learning is the Leaky Integrate and Fire (LIF) neuron. LIF…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Sidi Yaya Arnaud Yarga , Sean U. N. Wood

Neural-network processing in machine learning applications relies on layer synchronization. This is practiced even in artificial Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), which are touted as consistent with neurobiology, in spite of processing in the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Roel Koopman , Amirreza Yousefzadeh , Mahyar Shahsavari , Guangzhi Tang , Manolis Sifalakis

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise orders-of-magnitude efficiency gains by communicating with sparse, event-driven spikes rather than dense numerical activations. However, most training pipelines either rely on surrogate-gradient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Arman Ferdowsi , Atakan Aral