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The code base of software projects evolves essentially through inserting and removing information to and from the source code. We can measure this evolution via the elements of information - tokens, words, nodes - of the respective…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Adriano Torres , Sebastian Baltes , Christoph Treude , Markus Wagner

Code comments are a key resource for information about software artefacts. Depending on the use case, only some types of comments are useful. Thus, automatic approaches to classify these comments have been proposed. In this work, we address…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Ali Al-Kaswan , Maliheh Izadi , Arie van Deursen

The Software Naturalness hypothesis argues that programming languages can be understood through the same techniques used in natural language processing. We explore this hypothesis through the use of a pre-trained transformer-based language…

The language for expressing comparisons is often complex and nuanced, making supporting natural language-based visual comparison a non-trivial task. To better understand how people reason about comparisons in natural language, we explore a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Aimen Gaba , Vidya Setlur , Arjun Srinivasan , Jane Hoffswell , Cindy Xiong

The existence of trace links between artifacts of the software development life cycle can improve the efficiency of many activities during software development, maintenance and operations. Unfortunately, the creation and maintenance of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Christof Tinnes

The programming skill is one crucial ability for Large Language Models (LLMs), necessitating a deep understanding of programming languages (PLs) and their correlation with natural languages (NLs). We examine the impact of pre-training data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Demin Song , Honglin Guo , Yunhua Zhou , Shuhao Xing , Yudong Wang , Zifan Song , Wenwei Zhang , Qipeng Guo , Hang Yan , Xipeng Qiu , Dahua Lin

Entity linking is the task of associating linguistic expressions with entries in a knowledge base that represent real-world entities and concepts. Language resources for this task have primarily been developed for English, and the resources…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Shohei Higashiyama , Masao Ideuchi , Masao Utiyama

Code review is a vital but demanding aspect of software development, generating significant interest in automating review comments. Traditional evaluation methods for these comments, primarily based on text similarity, face two major…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Junyi Lu , Xiaojia Li , Zihan Hua , Lei Yu , Shiqi Cheng , Li Yang , Fengjun Zhang , Chun Zuo

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced artificial intelligence (AI) in software engineering (SE), with source code embeddings playing a crucial role in tasks such as source code clone detection and source code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Zixiang Xian , Chenhui Cui , Rubing Huang , Chunrong Fang , Zhenyu Chen

This paper illustrates an empirical study of the working efficiency of machine learning techniques in classifying code review text by semantic meaning. The code review comments from the source control repository in GitHub were extracted for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Shadikur Rahman , Umme Ayman Koana , Hasibul Karim Shanto , Mahmuda Akter , Chitra Roy , Aras M. Ismael

The multiplicity of software projects' stakeholders and activities leads to the multiplicity of software specification views and thus creates the need to establish mutual consistency between them. The process of establishing such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-11-20 Alexandr Naumchev

JavaScript (JS) is one of the most popular programming languages due to its flexibility and versatility, but maintaining JS code is tedious and error-prone. In our research, we conducted an empirical study to characterize the relationship…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-18 Zijian Jiang , Hao Zhong , Na Meng

In today's software world with its cornucopia of reusable software libraries, when a programmer is faced with a programming task that they suspect can be completed through the use of a library, they often look for code examples using a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Geert Heyman , Rafael Huysegems , Pascal Justen , Tom Van Cutsem

Referring expressions are natural language descriptions that identify a particular object within a scene and are widely used in our daily conversations. In this work, we focus on segmenting the object in an image specified by a referring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-11 Yi-Wen Chen , Yi-Hsuan Tsai , Tiantian Wang , Yen-Yu Lin , Ming-Hsuan Yang

Large Language Models are increasingly used in software engineering, but both code generation and its evaluation remain predominantly English-centric. This leaves a major gap in our understanding of how well current tools support…

Human-performed annotation of sentences in legal documents is an important prerequisite to many machine learning based systems supporting legal tasks. Typically, the annotation is done sequentially, sentence by sentence, which is often time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Hannes Westermann , Jaromir Savelka , Vern R. Walker , Kevin D. Ashley , Karim Benyekhlef

The emergence of online open source repositories in the recent years has led to an explosion in the volume of openly available source code, coupled with metadata that relate to a variety of software development activities. As an effect, in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Vasiliki Efstathiou , Diomidis Spinellis

The capability of accurately determining code similarity is crucial in many tasks related to software development. For example, it might be essential to identify code duplicates for performing software maintenance. This research introduces…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Jorge Martinez-Gil

Code comment generation aims to generate high-quality comments from source code automatically and has been studied for years. Recent studies proposed to integrate information retrieval techniques with neural generation models to tackle this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Hanzhen Lu , Zhongxin Liu

Natural language is robust against noise. The meaning of many sentences survives the loss of words, sometimes many of them. Some words in a sentence, however, cannot be lost without changing the meaning of the sentence. We call these words…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-06-29 Martin Velez , Dong Qiu , You Zhou , Earl T. Barr , Zhendong Su