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Interest in bilevel optimization has grown in recent years, partially due to its applications to tackle challenging machine-learning problems. Several exciting recent works have been centered around developing efficient gradient-based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-27 Liuyuan Jiang , Quan Xiao , Victor M. Tenorio , Fernando Real-Rojas , Antonio G. Marques , Tianyi Chen

In this paper, we consider bilevel optimization problem where the lower-level has coupled constraints, i.e. the constraints depend both on the upper- and lower-level variables. In particular, we consider two settings for the lower-level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-14 Xiaotian Jiang , Jiaxiang Li , Mingyi Hong , Shuzhong Zhang

This paper is concerned with the derivation of first- and second-order sufficient optimality conditions for optimistic bilevel optimization problems involving smooth functions. First-order sufficient optimality conditions are obtained by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-11-06 Patrick Mehlitz , Alain B. Zemkoho

In this paper, we study a class of bilevel programming problem where the inner objective function is strongly convex. More specifically, under some mile assumptions on the partial derivatives of both inner and outer objective functions, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-02-08 Saeed Ghadimi , Mengdi Wang

This paper considers mathematical programs, whose constraints are expressed by a parameterized vector equilibrium problem. The latter is a well recognized framework, which is able to cover multicriteria optimization, vector variational…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-18 Amos Uderzo

This paper investigates simple bilevel optimization problems where we minimize an upper-level objective over the optimal solution set of a convex lower-level objective. Existing methods for such problems either only guarantee asymptotic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-05 Pengyu Chen , Xu Shi , Rujun Jiang , Jiulin Wang

Bilevel optimization minimizes an objective function, defined by an upper-level problem whose feasible region is the solution of a lower-level problem. We study the oracle complexity of finding an $\epsilon$-stationary point with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-01 Lesi Chen , Jingzhao Zhang

For bilevel programs with a convex lower level program, the classical approach replaces the lower level program with its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker condition and solve the resulting mathematical program with complementarity constraint (MPCC). It is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-12 Kuang Bai , Jane Ye , Shangzhi Zeng

We introduce the Morse parametric qualification condition for bilevel programming. Generic semi-algebraic functions are Morse parametric in a piecewise sense. Thus, bilevel programs with a Morse parametric lower level constitute a relevant…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-05 Jérôme Bolte , Quoc-Tung Le , Edouard Pauwels , Samuel Vaiter

This paper introduces a novel double regularization scheme for bilevel optimization problems whose lower-level problem is composite and convex, but not necessarily strongly convex, in the lower-level variable. The analysis focuses on the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Mattia Solla , Johannes O. Royset

A learning approach to selecting regularization parameters in multi-penalty Tikhonov regularization is investigated. It leads to a bilevel optimization problem, where the lower level problem is a Tikhonov regularized problem parameterized…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-12-05 Gernot Holler , Karl Kunisch , Richard C. Barnard

Bilevel optimization reveals the inner structure of otherwise oblique optimization problems, such as hyperparameter tuning, neural architecture search, and meta-learning. A common goal in bilevel optimization is to minimize a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-29 Lesi Chen , Jing Xu , Jingzhao Zhang

Bilevel optimization problems embed the optimality of a subproblem as a constraint of another optimization problem. We introduce the concept of near-optimality robustness for bilevel optimization, protecting the upper-level solution…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-15 Mathieu Besançon , Miguel F. Anjos , Luce Brotcorne

In this paper, we study the regularity assumptions commonly adopted in bilevel optimization with constrained lower-level problems, including the linear independence constraint qualification, the strict complementary slackness condition, and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Xiaotian Jiang , Chang He , Mingyi Hong , Shuzhong Zhang

It is well known that bilevel optimization problems are hard to solve both in theory and practice. In this paper, we highlight a further computational difficulty when it comes to solving bilevel problems with continuous but nonconvex lower…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-05-04 Yasmine Beck , Daniel Bienstock , Martin Schmidt , Johannes Thürauf

Bilevel programs (BPs) find a wide range of applications in fields such as energy, transportation, and machine learning. As compared to BPs with continuous (linear/convex) optimization problems in both levels, the BPs with discrete decision…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-25 Bo Zhou , Ruiwei Jiang , Siqian Shen

Constrained bilevel optimization tackles nested structures present in constrained learning tasks like constrained meta-learning, adversarial learning, and distributed bilevel optimization. However, existing bilevel optimization methods…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-05 Wei Yao , Haian Yin , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

We present a systematic introduction to first-order optimality conditions for mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints (MPECs), emphasizing the limitations of classical nonlinear programming techniques. The goal is twofold. First,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-04 Louis Shuo Wang

In this paper, we propose a procedure for designing controlled test problems for single-objective bilevel optimization. The construction procedure is flexible and allows its user to control the different complexities that are to be included…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2016-08-17 Ankur Sinha , Pekka Malo , Kalyanmoy Deb

We propose a new approach to solving bilevel optimization problems, intermediate between solving full-system optimality conditions with a Newton-type approach, and treating the inner problem as an implicit function. The overall idea is to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-08 Ensio Suonperä , Tuomo Valkonen