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We present the expected values from p-value hacking as a choice of the minimum p-value among $m$ independents tests, which can be considerably lower than the "true" p-value, even with a single trial, owing to the extreme skewness of the…

Applications · Statistics 2018-01-29 Nassim Nicholas Taleb

We propose a method of testing the shift between mean vectors of two multivariate Gaussian random variables in a high-dimensional setting incorporating the possible dependency and allowing $p > n$. This method is a combination of two…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-12-24 Tzviel Frostig , Yoav Benjamini

A general notion of algebraic conditional plausibility measures is defined. Probability measures, ranking functions, possibility measures, and (under the appropriate definitions) sets of probability measures can all be viewed as defining…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-06-16 Joseph Y. Halpern

In this note, we shortly survey some recent approaches on the approximation of the Bayes factor used in Bayesian hypothesis testing and in Bayesian model choice. In particular, we reassess importance sampling, harmonic mean sampling, and…

Computation · Statistics 2015-05-13 Christian P. Robert , Darren Wraith

Testing the equality of two proportions is a common procedure in science, especially in medicine and public health. In these domains it is crucial to be able to quantify evidence for the absence of a treatment effect. Bayesian hypothesis…

We study the problem of merging sequential or independent e-values into one e-value or e-process. We describe a class of e-value merging functions via martingales and show that it dominates all merging methods for sequential e-values. All…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-02-23 Vladimir Vovk , Ruodu Wang

Conjoint analysis is a popular experimental design used to measure multidimensional preferences. Researchers examine how varying a factor of interest, while controlling for other relevant factors, influences decision-making. Currently,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-20 Dae Woong Ham , Kosuke Imai , Lucas Janson

Computing reachability probabilities is at the heart of probabilistic model checking. All model checkers compute these probabilities in an iterative fashion using value iteration. This technique approximates a fixed point from below by…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-04-16 Tim Quatmann , Joost-Pieter Katoen

Multiple hypothesis testing is widely used to evaluate scientific studies involving statistical tests. However, for many of these tests, p-values are not available and are thus often approximated using Monte Carlo tests such as permutation…

Applications · Statistics 2018-10-17 Axel Gandy , Georg Hahn

E-values have gained attention as potential alternatives to p-values as measures of uncertainty, significance and evidence. In brief, e-values are realized by random variables with expectation at most one under the null; examples include…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-12-16 Ruodu Wang , Aaditya Ramdas

With the extensive use of digital devices, online experimental platforms are commonly used to conduct experiments to collect data for evaluating different variations of products, algorithms, and interface designs, a.k.a., A/B tests. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-09 Qiong Zhang , Lulu Kang , Xinwei Deng

It is well known that there is no direct one-to-one relation between $p$-values and likelihood ratios or Bayes factors, since their relation crucially involves the sample size $n$. We investigate their (asymptotic) relation in a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-23 Wouter Kager , Ronald Meester

The Bayes factor, the data-based updating factor of the prior to posterior odds of two hypotheses, is a natural measure of statistical evidence for one hypothesis over the other. We show how Bayes factors can also be used for parameter…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-09 Samuel Pawel

Comparing competing mathematical models of complex natural processes is a shared goal among many branches of science. The Bayesian probabilistic framework offers a principled way to perform model comparison and extract useful metrics for…

The limitation of permutation tests is that they assume exchangeability. It is shown that in generalized linear models one can construct permutation tests from score statistics in particular cases. When under the null hypothesis the…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-03-05 Daniel Commenges

To identify statistically significant conclusions, it is proposed to simultaneously test hypotheses and alternatives. It is shown that, under the condition of free combination of hypotheses and alternatives, the closure method leads to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-15 P. A. Koldanov , A. P. Koldanov

Testing the (in)equality of variances is an important problem in many statistical applications. We develop default Bayes factor tests to assess the (in)equality of two or more population variances, as well as a test for whether the…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-02 Fabian Dablander , Don van den Bergh , Eric-Jan Wagenmakers , Alexander Ly

Many resources for forensic scholars and practitioners, such as journal articles, guidance documents, and textbooks, address how to make a value of evidence assessment in the form of a likelihood ratio (LR) when deciding between two…

Applications · Statistics 2022-05-11 Steven Lund , Hari Iyer

In traditional hypothesis testing one must pre-specify the significance level $\alpha$ to bound the `size' of the test: its probability to falsely reject the hypothesis. Indeed, a data-dependent selection of $\alpha$ would generally distort…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-03 Nick W. Koning

In many large multiple testing problems the hypotheses are divided into families. Given the data, families with evidence for true discoveries are selected, and hypotheses within them are tested. Neither controlling the error-rate in each…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-06-21 Yoav Benjamini , Marina Bogomolov