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This paper proposes LayoutLLM, a more flexible document analysis method for understanding imaged documents. Visually Rich Document Understanding tasks, such as document image classification and information extraction, have gained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Masato Fujitake

Text role classification involves classifying the semantic role of textual elements within scientific charts. For this task, we propose to finetune two pretrained multimodal document layout analysis models, LayoutLMv3 and UDOP, on chart…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Hye Jin Kim , Nicolas Lell , Ansgar Scherp

Checkpoint selection for multimodal large language models (MLLMs) presents significant challenges when performance differentials are marginal and evaluation signals are prone to noise. Existing methodologies rely heavily on static…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Qinwu Xu , Zhuoheng Li , Jessie Salas

Document image classification is different from plain-text document classification and consists of classifying a document by understanding the content and structure of documents such as forms, emails, and other such documents. We show that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Yoshinari Fujinuma , Siddharth Varia , Nishant Sankaran , Srikar Appalaraju , Bonan Min , Yogarshi Vyas

Page-level analysis of documents has been a topic of interest in digitization efforts, and multimodal approaches have been applied to both classification and page stream segmentation. In this work, we focus on capturing finer semantic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Mehmet Arif Demirtaş , Berke Oral , Mehmet Yasin Akpınar , Onur Deniz

A fundamental trade-off between effectiveness and efficiency needs to be balanced when designing an online question answering system. Effectiveness comes from sophisticated functions such as extractive machine reading comprehension (MRC),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Ming Yan , Jiangnan Xia , Chen Wu , Bin Bi , Zhongzhou Zhao , Ji Zhang , Luo Si , Rui Wang , Wei Wang , Haiqing Chen

Legal multi-label classification is a critical task for organizing and accessing the vast amount of legal documentation. Despite its importance, it faces challenges such as the complexity of legal language, intricate label dependencies, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Emily Johnson , Xavier Holt , Noah Wilson

Multimodal learning from document data has achieved great success lately as it allows to pre-train semantically meaningful features as a prior into a learnable downstream task. In this paper, we approach the document classification problem…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Souhail Bakkali , Zuheng Ming , Mickael Coustaty , Marçal Rusiñol , Oriol Ramos Terrades

Page segmentation is a web page analysis process that divides a page into cohesive segments, such as sidebars, headers, and footers. Current page segmentation approaches use either the DOM, textual content, or rendering style information of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Mohammad Bajammal , Ali Mesbah

Understanding multi-page documents poses a significant challenge for multimodal large language models (MLLMs), as it requires fine-grained visual comprehension and multi-hop reasoning across pages. While prior work has explored…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Junyu Xiong , Yonghui Wang , Weichao Zhao , Chenyu Liu , Bing Yin , Wengang Zhou , Houqiang Li

Multimodal multilabel classification (MMC) is a challenging task that aims to design a learning algorithm to handle two data sources, the image and text, and learn a comprehensive semantic feature presentation across the modalities. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Yanming Guo

Understanding documents with rich layouts and multi-modal components is a long-standing and practical task. Recent Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have made remarkable strides in various tasks, particularly in single-page document…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Yubo Ma , Yuhang Zang , Liangyu Chen , Meiqi Chen , Yizhu Jiao , Xinze Li , Xinyuan Lu , Ziyu Liu , Yan Ma , Xiaoyi Dong , Pan Zhang , Liangming Pan , Yu-Gang Jiang , Jiaqi Wang , Yixin Cao , Aixin Sun

One of the principal tasks of machine learning with major applications is text classification. This paper focuses on the legal domain and, in particular, on the classification of lengthy legal documents. The main challenge that this study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Lulu Wan , George Papageorgiou , Michael Seddon , Mirko Bernardoni

Information fusion is used widely to improve document classification by the integration of multiple data sources (multimodal) or representations (multiview). However, the field lacks a unified framework, a quantitative synthesis of its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Marcin Michał Mirończuk

Automated document classification is a trending topic in Natural Language Processing (NLP) due to the extensive growth in digital databases. However, a model that fits well for a specific classification task might perform weakly for another…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Uvini Ranaweera , Bawun Mawitagama , Sanduni Liyanage , Sandupa Keshan , Tiloka de Silva , Supun Hewawalpita

Interpreting regulatory documents or building codes into computer-processable formats is essential for the intelligent design and construction of buildings and infrastructures. Although automated rule interpretation (ARI) methods have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Zhe Zheng , Yu-Cheng Zhou , Ke-Yin Chen , Xin-Zheng Lu , Zhong-Tian She , Jia-Rui Lin

Classification is a fundamental task in machine learning. While conventional methods-such as binary, multiclass, and multi-label classification-are effective for simpler problems, they may not adequately address the complexities of some…

While many NLP pipelines assume raw, clean texts, many texts we encounter in the wild, including a vast majority of legal documents, are not so clean, with many of them being visually structured documents (VSDs) such as PDFs. Conventional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Yuta Koreeda , Christopher D. Manning

Document parsing is a fine-grained task where image resolution significantly impacts performance. While advanced research leveraging vision-language models benefits from high-resolution input to boost model performance, this often leads to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Cheng Cui , Ting Sun , Suyin Liang , Tingquan Gao , Zelun Zhang , Jiaxuan Liu , Xueqing Wang , Changda Zhou , Hongen Liu , Manhui Lin , Yue Zhang , Yubo Zhang , Jing Zhang , Jun Zhang , Xing Wei , Yi Liu , Dianhai Yu , Yanjun Ma

Large Language Model (LLM) pre-training exhausts an ever growing compute budget, yet recent research has demonstrated that careful document selection enables comparable model quality with only a fraction of the FLOPs. Inspired by efforts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Xiang Kong , Tom Gunter , Ruoming Pang