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Machine learning models have shown great success in predicting weather up to two weeks ahead, outperforming process-based benchmarks. However, existing approaches mostly focus on the prediction task, and do not incorporate the necessary…

The climate belongs to the class of non-equilibrium forced and dissipative systems, for which most results of quasi-equilibrium statistical mechanics, including the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, do not apply. We show for the first time…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2011-10-11 Valerio Lucarini , Stefania Sarno

This study investigates how conditional normalizing flows can be applied to remote sensing data products in climate science for spatio-temporal prediction. The method is chosen due to its desired properties such as exact likelihood…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Christina Winkler , David Rolnick

We assess evidence for changes in tail characteristics of wind, solar irradiance and temperature variables output from CMIP6 global climate models (GCMs) due to climate forcing. We estimate global and climate zone annual maximum and annual…

Applications · Statistics 2025-02-06 Callum Leach , Kevin Ewans , Philip Jonathan

Quantifying the impacts of anthropogenic global warming requires accurate Earth system model (ESM) simulations. Statistical bias correction and downscaling can be applied to reduce errors and increase the resolution of ESMs. However,…

Geophysics · Physics 2024-06-24 Philipp Hess , Niklas Boers

Cenozoic temperature, sea level and CO2 co-variations provide insights into climate sensitivity to external forcings and sea level sensitivity to climate change. Climate sensitivity depends on the initial climate state, but potentially can…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2014-03-05 James Hansen , Makiko Sato , Gary Russell , Pushker Kharecha

Understanding how fast atmospheric variability shapes slow climate variability and sensitivity remains a central challenge in Earth-system science. Recent advances in machine-learned (ML) atmospheric models have demonstrated remarkable…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Bobby Antonio , Kristian Strommen , Pablo Ortega , Hannah M. Christensen

Traditional models of climate change use complex systems of coupled equations to simulate physical processes across the Earth system. These simulations are highly computationally expensive, limiting our predictions of climate change and…

Climate change is accelerating the frequency and severity of unprecedented events, deviating from established patterns. Predicting these out-of-distribution (OOD) events is critical for assessing risks and guiding climate adaptation. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Maria Conchita Agana Navarro , Geng Li , Theo Wolf , María Pérez-Ortiz

The long-term temperature response to a given change in CO2 forcing, or Earth-system sensitivity (ESS), is a key parameter quantifying our understanding about the relationship between changes in Earth's radiative forcing and the resulting…

Geophysics · Physics 2021-03-02 Tony E. Wong , Ying Cui , Dana L. Royer , Klaus Keller

Projecting climate change is a generalization problem: we extrapolate the recent past using physical models across past, present, and future climates. Current climate models require representations of processes that occur at scales smaller…

We developed a coupled social-climate network model to understand the interaction between climate change opinion spread and the climate system and determine the role of this interaction in shaping collective actions and global temperature…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-03-07 Athira Satheesh Kumar , Krešimir Josić , Chris T Bauch , Madhur Anand

Model predictive control (MPC) has become the most widely used advanced control method in process industry. In many cases, forecasts of the disturbances are available, e.g., predicted renewable power generation based on weather forecast.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-08 Ryan McCloy , Lai Wei , Jie Bao

Calculating transition probabilities between different states of multistable climate tipping systems is computationally challenging in high-dimensional models. Targeted algorithms, such as the Trajectory-Adaptive Multilevel Splitting (TAMS)…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Lucas Esclapez , Valérian Jacques-Dumas , Reyk Börner , Laurent Soucasse , Henk A. Dijkstra

Climate models are essential for assessing the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on our changing climate and the resulting increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters. Despite the widespread acceptance of climate models…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-11-08 Vsevolod Morozov , Artem Galliamov , Aleksandr Lukashevich , Antonina Kurdukova , Yury Maximov

Global surface temperature records (e.g. HadCRUT4) since 1850 are characterized by climatic oscillations synchronous with specific solar, planetary and lunar harmonics superimposed on a background warming modulation. The latter is related…

Geophysics · Physics 2013-07-16 Nicola Scafetta

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) distributes heat and salt into the Northern Hemisphere via a warm surface current toward the subpolar North Atlantic, where water sinks and returns southwards as a deep cold current.…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-08-01 John Bailie , Bernd Krauskopf

We study hysteresis properties of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) under a slowly-varying North Atlantic (20$^{\circ}$N -- 50$^{\circ}$N) freshwater flux forcing in state-of-the-art Global Climate Model (GCM), the…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-08-29 René M. van Westen , Henk A. Dijkstra

We present here a novel statistical learning approach for detection and attribution (D&A) of climate change. Traditional optimal D&A studies try to directly model the observations from model simulations, but practically this is challenging…

Complex physical models are the most advanced tools available for producing realistic simulations of the climate system. However, such levels of realism imply high computational cost and restrictions on their use for policymaking and risk…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2021-11-03 Francisco Estrada , Oscar Calderón-Bustamante , Wouter Botzen , Julián A. Velasco , Richard S. J. Tol