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We study the robustness of reinforcement learning (RL) with adversarially perturbed state observations, which aligns with the setting of many adversarial attacks to deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and is also important for rolling out…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-22 Huan Zhang , Hongge Chen , Duane Boning , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is an area of machine learning figuring out how agents take actions in an unknown environment to maximize its rewards. Unlike classical Markov Decision Process (MDP) in which agent has full knowledge of its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Yangxin Zhong , Jiajie He , Lingjie Kong

Recently, the emergence of agentic RL has showcased that RL could also effectively improve the agentic reasoning ability of LLMs, yet the key design principles and optimal practices remain unclear. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Zhaochen Yu , Ling Yang , Jiaru Zou , Shuicheng Yan , Mengdi Wang

Designing reinforcement learning (RL) agents is typically a difficult process that requires numerous design iterations. Learning can fail for a multitude of reasons, and standard RL methods provide too few tools to provide insight into the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-24 James MacGlashan , Evan Archer , Alisa Devlic , Takuma Seno , Craig Sherstan , Peter R. Wurman , Peter Stone

Advances in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) enable sequential decision making for a range of exciting multi-agent applications such as cooperative AI and autonomous driving. Explaining agent decisions is crucial for improving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Kayla Boggess , Sarit Kraus , Lu Feng

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved outstanding results in recent years. This has led to a dramatic increase in the number of applications and methods. Recent works have explored learning beyond single-agent scenarios and have…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-10-21 Pablo Hernandez-Leal , Bilal Kartal , Matthew E. Taylor

Recent advancements in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) have demonstrated its application potential in modern games. Beginning with foundational work and progressing to landmark achievements such as AlphaStar in StarCraft II and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Zhengyang Li , Qijin Ji , Xinghong Ling , Quan Liu

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms can use high-capacity deep networks to learn directly from image observations. However, these high-dimensional observation spaces present a number of challenges in practice, since the policy must…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Alex X. Lee , Anusha Nagabandi , Pieter Abbeel , Sergey Levine

In graph-structured multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) adversarial tasks such as pursuit and confrontation, agents must coordinate under highly dynamic interactions, where sparse rewards hinder efficient policy learning. We propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Ruochuan Shi , Runyu Lu , Yuanheng Zhu , Dongbin Zhao

The challenge of developing powerful and general Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents has received increasing attention in recent years. Much of this effort has focused on the single-agent setting, in which an agent maximizes a predefined…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Jiachen Yang , Ang Li , Mehrdad Farajtabar , Peter Sunehag , Edward Hughes , Hongyuan Zha

Model-free reinforcement learning (RL) can be used to learn effective policies for complex tasks, such as Atari games, even from image observations. However, this typically requires very large amounts of interaction -- substantially more,…

Deep reinforcement learning has been shown to be a powerful framework for learning policies from complex high-dimensional sensory inputs to actions in complex tasks, such as the Atari domain. In this paper, we explore output representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-16 Ishan P. Durugkar , Clemens Rosenbaum , Stefan Dernbach , Sridhar Mahadevan

In the last few years, deep multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) has become a highly active area of research. A particularly challenging class of problems in this area is partially observable, cooperative, multi-agent learning, in which…

In artificial intelligence, we often specify tasks through a reward function. While this works well in some settings, many tasks are hard to specify this way. In deep reinforcement learning, for example, directly specifying a reward as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-09 Matthew Rahtz , James Fang , Anca D. Dragan , Dylan Hadfield-Menell

Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently achieved tremendous successes in many artificial intelligence applications. Many of the forefront applications of RL involve multiple agents, e.g., playing chess and Go games, autonomous driving, and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-24 Asuman Ozdaglar , Muhammed O. Sayin , Kaiqing Zhang

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has made substantial strides in addressing the distributed decision-making challenges. However, as multi-agent systems grow in complexity, gaining a comprehensive understanding of their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Wiem Khlifi , Siddarth Singh , Omayma Mahjoub , Ruan de Kock , Abidine Vall , Rihab Gorsane , Arnu Pretorius

We introduce an approach for deep reinforcement learning (RL) that improves upon the efficiency, generalization capacity, and interpretability of conventional approaches through structured perception and relational reasoning. It uses…

During recent years, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has made successful incursions into complex decision-making applications such as robotics, autonomous driving or video games. Off-policy algorithms tend to be more sample-efficient than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Jesus Bujalance Martin , Raphael Chekroun , Fabien Moutarde

We present a user study to investigate the impact of explanations on non-experts' understanding of reinforcement learning (RL) agents. We investigate both a common RL visualization, saliency maps (the focus of attention), and a more recent…

Recently, deep multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has shown the promise to solve complex cooperative tasks. Its success is partly because of parameter sharing among agents. However, such sharing may lead agents to behave similarly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Chenghao Li , Tonghan Wang , Chengjie Wu , Qianchuan Zhao , Jun Yang , Chongjie Zhang