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Artificial neural networks are often very complex and too deep for a human to understand. As a result, they are usually referred to as black boxes. For a lot of real-world problems, the underlying pattern itself is very complicated, such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-26 Yang Li

Neural networks (NN) are considered as black-boxes due to the lack of explainability and transparency of their decisions. This significantly hampers their deployment in environments where explainability is essential along with the accuracy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-13 Mohsin Munir , Shoaib Ahmed Siddiqui , Ferdinand Küsters , Dominique Mercier , Andreas Dengel , Sheraz Ahmed

In recent years, deep learning has shown potential and efficiency in a wide area including computer vision, image and signal processing. Yet, translational challenges remain for user applications due to a lack of interpretability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Hamid Niknazar , Sara C. Mednick

Our proposed deeply-supervised nets (DSN) method simultaneously minimizes classification error while making the learning process of hidden layers direct and transparent. We make an attempt to boost the classification performance by studying…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-04-26 Chen-Yu Lee , Saining Xie , Patrick Gallagher , Zhengyou Zhang , Zhuowen Tu

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL), through learning policies or values represented by neural networks, has successfully addressed many complex control problems. However, the neural networks introduced by DRL lack interpretability and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Zeyu Jiang , Hai Huang , Xingquan Zuo

The ability of deep learning (DL) to improve the practice of medicine and its clinical outcomes faces a looming obstacle: model interpretation. Without description of how outputs are generated, a collaborating physician can neither resolve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Christopher Snyder , Sriram Vishwanath

Deep-predictive-coding networks (DPCNs) are hierarchical, generative models. They rely on feed-forward and feed-back connections to modulate latent feature representations of stimuli in a dynamic and context-sensitive manner. A crucial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Isaac J. Sledge , Jose C. Principe

Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success in various challenging tasks. However, the black-box nature of such networks is not acceptable to critical applications, such as healthcare. In particular, the existence of adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-12 Shaeke Salman , Seyedeh Neelufar Payrovnaziri , Xiuwen Liu , Pablo Rengifo-Moreno , Zhe He

In general, intrinsic image decomposition algorithms interpret shading as one unified component including all photometric effects. As shading transitions are generally smoother than reflectance (albedo) changes, these methods may fail in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-22 Anil S. Baslamisli , Partha Das , Hoang-An Le , Sezer Karaoglu , Theo Gevers

Deep learning based methods hold state-of-the-art results in low-level image processing tasks, but remain difficult to interpret due to their black-box construction. Unrolled optimization networks present an interpretable alternative to…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-18 Nikola Janjušević , Amirhossein Khalilian-Gourtani , Yao Wang

We propose a general framework called Network Dissection for quantifying the interpretability of latent representations of CNNs by evaluating the alignment between individual hidden units and a set of semantic concepts. Given any CNN model,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-04-20 David Bau , Bolei Zhou , Aditya Khosla , Aude Oliva , Antonio Torralba

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in learning complex hierarchical data representations, but the nature of these representations remains largely unknown. Existing global explainability methods, such as Network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Kirill Bykov , Laura Kopf , Shinichi Nakajima , Marius Kloft , Marina M. -C. Höhne

Interpreting complex neural networks is crucial for understanding their decision-making processes, particularly in applications where transparency and accountability are essential. This proposed method addresses this need by focusing on…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Deepshikha Bhati , Fnu Neha , Md Amiruzzaman , Angela Guercio , Deepak Kumar Shukla , Ben Ward

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved impressive predictive performance due to their ability to learn complex, non-linear relationships between variables. However, the inability to effectively visualize these relationships has led to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-17 Chandan Singh , W. James Murdoch , Bin Yu

Deep learning and convolutional neural networks in particular are powerful and promising tools for cosmological analysis of large-scale structure surveys. They are already providing similar performance to classical analysis methods using…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-06 Gaspard Aymerich , Tomasz Kacprzak , Alexandre Refregier

An approach to improve network interpretability is via clusterability, i.e., splitting a model into disjoint clusters that can be studied independently. We find pretrained models to be highly unclusterable and thus train models to be more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Satvik Golechha , Dylan Cope , Nandi Schoots

Although deep learning algorithms have proven their efficiency in automatic sleep staging, the widespread skepticism about their "black-box" nature has limited its clinical acceptance. In this study, we propose WaveSleepNet, an…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-09 Yan Pei , Wei Luo

Modern deep learning algorithms tend to optimize an objective metric, such as minimize a cross entropy loss on a training dataset, to be able to learn. The problem is that the single metric is an incomplete description of the real world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-07 Giang Dao , Minwoo Lee

Despite their increasing popularity and success in a variety of supervised learning problems, deep neural networks are extremely hard to interpret and debug: Given and already trained Deep Neural Net, and a set of test inputs, how can we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-07 Uday Singh Saini , Evangelos E. Papalexakis

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been successfully used in a range of tasks. However, CNNs are often viewed as "black-box" and lack of interpretability. One main reason is due to the filter-class entanglement -- an intricate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Haoyu Liang , Zhihao Ouyang , Yuyuan Zeng , Hang Su , Zihao He , Shu-Tao Xia , Jun Zhu , Bo Zhang