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Python is a popular dynamic programming language, evidenced by its ranking as the second most commonly used language on GitHub. However, its dynamic type system can lead to potential type errors, leading researchers to explore automatic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Yun Peng , Chaozheng Wang , Wenxuan Wang , Cuiyun Gao , Michael R. Lyu

Online data streams make training machine learning models hard because of distribution shift and new patterns emerging over time. For natural language processing (NLP) tasks that utilize a collection of features based on lexicons and rules,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Shubhanshu Mishra , Jana Diesner

Garcia and Cimini study a type inference problem for the ITGL, an implicitly and gradually typed language with let-polymorphism, and develop a sound and complete inference algorithm for it. Soundness and completeness mean that, if the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Yusuke Miyazaki , Taro Sekiyama , Atsushi Igarashi

Type inference over partial contexts in dynamically typed languages is challenging. In this work, we present a graph neural network model that predicts types by probabilistically reasoning over a program's structure, names, and patterns.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Miltiadis Allamanis , Earl T. Barr , Soline Ducousso , Zheng Gao

Statically analyzing dynamically-typed code is a challenging endeavor, as even seemingly trivial tasks such as determining the targets of procedure calls are non-trivial without knowing the types of objects at compile time. Addressing this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Lukas Seidel , Sedick David Baker Effendi , Xavier Pinho , Konrad Rieck , Brink van der Merwe , Fabian Yamaguchi

Python's dynamic typing system offers flexibility and expressiveness but can lead to type-related errors, prompting the need for automated type inference to enhance type hinting. While existing learning-based approaches show promising…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Chong Wang , Jian Zhang , Yiling Lou , Mingwei Liu , Weisong Sun , Yang Liu , Xin Peng

Automated unit test generation is an established research field that has so far focused on statically-typed programming languages. The lack of type information in dynamically-typed programming languages, such as Python, inhibits test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Lukas Krodinger , Stephan Lukasczyk , Gordon Fraser

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being explored for their potential in software engineering, particularly in static analysis tasks. In this study, we investigate the potential of current LLMs to enhance call-graph analysis and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Ashwin Prasad Shivarpatna Venkatesh , Rose Sunil , Samkutty Sabu , Amir M. Mir , Sofia Reis , Eric Bodden

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in multilingual, real-world applications with user inputs -- naturally introducing \emph{typographical errors} (typos). Yet most benchmarks assume clean input, leaving the robustness of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Raoyuan Zhao , Yihong Liu , Lena Altinger , Hinrich Schütze , Michael A. Hedderich

Keystroke dynamics can be used to analyze the way that users type by measuring various aspects of keyboard input. Previous work has demonstrated the feasibility of user authentication and identification utilizing keystroke dynamics. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Han-Chih Chang , Jianwei Li , Ching-Seh Wu , Mark Stamp

Precise and fast static type analysis for dynamically typed language is very difficult. This is mainly because the lack of static type information makes it difficult to approximate all possible values of a variable. Actually, the existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Ryutaro Kodama , Yoshitaka Arahori , Kathuhiko Gondow

Statically typed languages offer numerous benefits to developers, such as improved code quality and reduced runtime errors, but they also require the overhead of manual type annotations. To mitigate this burden, language designers have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Samuel W. Flint , Ali M. Keshk , Robert Dyer , Hamid Bagheri

As gradual typing becomes increasingly popular in languages like Python and TypeScript, there is a growing need to infer type annotations automatically. While type annotations help with tasks like code completion and static error catching,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Jiayi Wei , Maruth Goyal , Greg Durrett , Isil Dillig

Automated regression test generation has been extensively explored, yet generating high-quality tests for Python programs remains particularly challenging. Because of the Python's dynamic typing features, existing approaches, ranging from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Runlin Liu , Zhe Zhang , Yunge Hu , Yuhang Lin , Xiang Gao , Hailong Sun

Python's dynamic typing mechanism, while promoting flexibility, is a significant source of runtime type errors that plague large-scale software, which inspires the automatic type inference techniques. Existing type inference tools have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Shuo Sun , Shixin Zhang , Jiwei Yan , Jun Yan , Jian Zhang

The rapid progress of Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies has led to the widespread availability and effectiveness of text generation tools such as ChatGPT and Claude. While highly useful, these technologies also pose significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Chao Zhou , Cheng Qiu , Lizhen Liang , Daniel E. Acuna

For many compiled languages, source-level types are erased very early in the compilation process. As a result, further compiler passes may convert type-safe source into type-unsafe machine code. Type-unsafe idioms in the original source and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-03-22 Matthew Noonan , Alexey Loginov , David Cok

Pythonic code is idiomatic code that follows guiding principles and practices within the Python community. Offering performance and readability benefits, Pythonic code is claimed to be widely adopted by experienced Python developers, but…

Gradual typing has gained popularity as a design choice for integrating static and dynamic typing within a single language. Several practical languages have adopted gradual typing to offer programmers the flexibility to annotate their…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Senxi Li , Feng Dai , Tetsuro Yamazaki , Shigeru Chiba

Simultaneously modeling source code and natural language has many exciting applications in automated software development and understanding. Pursuant to achieving such technology, we introduce PyMT5, the Python method text-to-text transfer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Colin B. Clement , Dawn Drain , Jonathan Timcheck , Alexey Svyatkovskiy , Neel Sundaresan