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In this paper, we establish generalization bounds for transductive learning algorithms in the context of information theory and PAC-Bayes, covering both the random sampling and the random splitting setting. First, we show that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Huayi Tang , Yong Liu

This paper uses information-theoretic tools to analyze the generalization error in unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA). We present novel upper bounds for two notions of generalization errors. The first notion measures the gap between the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Ziqiao Wang , Yongyi Mao

Recent empirical studies have explored the idea of continuing to train a model at test-time for a given task, known as test-time training (TTT), and have found it to yield significant performance improvements. However, there is limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jonas Hübotter , Patrik Wolf , Alexander Shevchenko , Dennis Jüni , Andreas Krause , Gil Kur

The i.i.d. assumption is a useful idealization that underpins many successful approaches to supervised machine learning. However, its violation can lead to models that learn to exploit spurious correlations in the training data, rendering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Daniel Pace , Alessandra Russo , Murray Shanahan

Many algorithms have been recently proposed for causal machine learning. Yet, there is little to no theory on their quality, especially considering finite samples. In this work, we propose a theory based on generalization bounds that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-16 Daniel Csillag , Claudio José Struchiner , Guilherme Tegoni Goedert

A fundamental task in AI is providing performance guarantees for predictions made in unseen domains. In practice, there can be substantial uncertainty about the distribution of new data, and corresponding variability in the performance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Kasra Jalaldoust , Alexis Bellot , Elias Bareinboim

We study the generalization properties of the popular stochastic optimization method known as stochastic gradient descent (SGD) for optimizing general non-convex loss functions. Our main contribution is providing upper bounds on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Gergely Neu , Gintare Karolina Dziugaite , Mahdi Haghifam , Daniel M. Roy

Understanding generalization in deep learning has been one of the major challenges in statistical learning theory over the last decade. While recent work has illustrated that the dataset and the training algorithm must be taken into account…

We propose a simple and intuitive test for arguably the most prevailing hypothesis in statistics that data are independent and identically distributed (IID), based on a newly introduced off-diagonal sequential U-process. This IID test is…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-30 Tongyu Li , Jonas Mueller , Fang Yao

Most machine learning models operate under the assumption that the training, testing and deployment data is independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). This assumption doesn't generally hold true in a natural setting. Usually, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Kumud Lakara , Akshat Bhandari , Pratinav Seth , Ujjwal Verma

Learning from Demonstration depends on a robot learner generalising its learned model to unseen conditions, as it is not feasible for a person to provide a demonstration set that accounts for all possible variations in non-trivial tasks.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-03-05 Aran Sena , Brendan Michael , Matthew Howard

Unsupervised skill discovery aims to acquire behavior primitives that improve exploration and accelerate downstream task learning. However, existing approaches often ignore the geometric symmetries of physical environments, leading to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Junwoo Chang , Joseph Park , Roberto Horowitz , Jongmin Lee , Jongeun Choi

Covariate shift relaxes the widely-employed independent and identically distributed (IID) assumption by allowing different training and testing input distributions. Unfortunately, common methods for addressing covariate shift by trying to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-02 Anqi Liu , Brian D. Ziebart

Role-playing models (RPMs) are widely used in real-world applications but underperform when deployed in the wild. This degradation can be attributed to distribution shifts, including user, character, and dialogue compositional shifts.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yongqi Li , Hao Lang , Fei Huang , Tieyun Qian , Yongbin Li

The concept of "task" is at the core of artificial intelligence (AI): Tasks are used for training and evaluating AI systems, which are built in order to perform and automatize tasks we deem useful. In other fields of engineering theoretical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-13 Kristinn R. Thórisson , Jordi Bieger , Thröstur Thorarensen , Jóna S. Sigurðardóttir , Bas R. Steunebrink

Generalization error bounds from learning theory provide statistical guarantees on how well an algorithm will perform on previously unseen data. In this paper, we characterize the impacts of data non-IIDness due to censored feedback (a.k.a.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Yifan Yang , Ali Payani , Parinaz Naghizadeh

Although recent advances in machine learning have shown its success to learn from independent and identically distributed (IID) data, it is vulnerable to out-of-distribution (OOD) data in an open world. Domain generalization (DG) deals with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Thai-Hoang Pham , Xueru Zhang , Ping Zhang

Graph machine learning has been extensively studied in both academia and industry. Although booming with a vast number of emerging methods and techniques, most of the literature is built on the in-distribution hypothesis, i.e., testing and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Haoyang Li , Xin Wang , Ziwei Zhang , Wenwu Zhu

We present a general approach, based on exponential inequalities, to derive bounds on the generalization error of randomized learning algorithms. Using this approach, we provide bounds on the average generalization error as well as bounds…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Fredrik Hellström , Giuseppe Durisi

This paper explores the generalization characteristics of iterative learning algorithms with bounded updates for non-convex loss functions, employing information-theoretic techniques. Our key contribution is a novel bound for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Jingwen Fu , Nanning Zheng