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Fairness in machine learning research is commonly framed in the context of classification tasks, leaving critical gaps in regression. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to measure intersectional fairness in regression tasks, going…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Joe Germino , Nuno Moniz , Nitesh V. Chawla

The proximal causal inference framework enables the identification and estimation of causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding by leveraging two disjoint sets of observed strong proxies: negative control treatments and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-16 Antonio Olivas-Martinez , Peter B. Gilbert , Andrea Rotnitzky

In this paper, I will introduce a new form of regression, that can adjust overfitting and underfitting through, "distance-based regression." Overfitting often results in finding false patterns causing inaccurate results, so by having a new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Dylan Wilson

Difference-in-differences (DID) is commonly used to estimate treatment effects but is infeasible in settings where data are unpoolable due to privacy concerns or legal restrictions on data sharing, particularly across jurisdictions. In this…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-07-28 Sunny Karim , Matthew D. Webb , Nichole Austin , Erin Strumpf

We consider covariate adjusted regression (CAR), a regression method for situations where predictors and response are observed after being distorted by a multiplicative factor. The distorting factors are unknown functions of an observable…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-08-16 Damla Şentürk , Hans-Georg Müller

Estimating causal effects from observational data is not always possible due to confounding. Identifying a set of appropriate covariates (adjustment set) and adjusting for their influence can remove confounding bias; however, such a set is…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-19 Sofia Triantafillou , Gregory Cooper

Difference in proportions is frequently used to measure treatment effect for binary outcomes in randomized clinical trials. The estimation of difference in proportions can be assisted by adjusting for prognostic baseline covariates to…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-31 Jialuo Liu , Dong Xi

A common problem in numerous research areas, particularly in clinical trials, is to test whether the effect of an explanatory variable on an outcome variable is equivalent across different groups. In practice, these tests are frequently…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-03 Niklas Hagemann , Kathrin Möllenhoff

This paper provides a formal econometric framework behind the newly developed difference-in-discontinuities design (DiDC). Despite its increasing use in applied research, there are currently limited studies of its properties. We formalize…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-28 Pedro Picchetti , Cristine C. X. Pinto , Stephanie T. Shinoki

The use of machine learning systems to support decision making in healthcare raises questions as to what extent these systems may introduce or exacerbate disparities in care for historically underrepresented and mistreated groups, due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Stephen Pfohl , Tony Duan , Daisy Yi Ding , Nigam H. Shah

Stratifying factors, like age and gender, can modify the effect of treatments and exposures on risk of a studied outcome. Several effect measures, including the relative risk, hazard ratio, odds ratio, and risk difference, can be used to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-05 Jake Shannin , Babette A. Brumback

A fundamental problem in statistics is to compare the outcomes attained by members of subpopulations. This problem arises in the analysis of randomized controlled trials, in the analysis of A/B tests, and in the assessment of fairness and…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-02 Mark Tygert

The difference-in-differences (DID) research design is a key identification strategy which allows researchers to estimate causal effects under the parallel trends assumption. While the parallel trends assumption is counterfactual and cannot…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Jonas M. Mikhaeil , Christopher Harshaw

Machine Learning (ML) models are widely employed to drive many modern data systems. While they are undeniably powerful tools, ML models often demonstrate imbalanced performance and unfair behaviors. The root of this problem often lies in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Ke Yang , Alexandra Meliou

Estimating the effect of a change in a particular risk factor and a chronic disease requires information on the risk factor from two time points; the enrolment and the first follow-up. When using observational data to study the effect of…

This book deals with functions allowing to express the dissimilarity (discrepancy) between two data fields or ''divergence functions'' with the aim of applications to linear inverse problems. Most of the divergences found in the litterature…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-04 Henri Lantéri

This book chapter introduces regression approaches and regression adjustment for Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC). Regression adjustment adjusts parameter values after rejection sampling in order to account for the imperfect match…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-07-06 Michael GB Blum

Triple difference-in-differences designs are widely used to estimate causal effects in empirical work. Surveying the literature, we find that most applications include controls. We show that this standard practice is generally biased for…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-06-13 Dor Leventer

Regression is one of the most fundamental statistical inference problems. A broad definition of regression problems is as estimation of the distribution of an outcome using a family of probability models indexed by covariates. Despite the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-09-26 Peter Mueller , Fernando Andrés Quintana , Garritt L. Page

Prediction algorithms that quantify the expected benefit of a given treatment conditional on patient characteristics can critically inform medical decisions. Quantifying the performance of treatment benefit prediction algorithms is an…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-17 Yuan Xia , Paul Gustafson , Mohsen Sadatsafavi