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We are used to the availability of big data generated in nearly all fields of science as a consequence of technological progress. However, the analysis of such data possess vast challenges. One of these relates to the explainability of…

With the availability of large databases and recent improvements in deep learning methodology, the performance of AI systems is reaching or even exceeding the human level on an increasing number of complex tasks. Impressive examples of this…

Deep neural networks are widely used for classification. These deep models often suffer from a lack of interpretability -- they are particularly difficult to understand because of their non-linear nature. As a result, neural networks are…

Many of the computing systems programmed using Machine Learning are opaque: it is difficult to know why they do what they do or how they work. The Explainable Artificial Intelligence research program aims to develop analytic techniques with…

Predictions obtained by, e.g., artificial neural networks have a high accuracy but humans often perceive the models as black boxes. Insights about the decision making are mostly opaque for humans. Particularly understanding the decision…

Despite their impact on the society, deep neural networks are often regarded as black-box models due to their intricate structures and the absence of explanations for their decisions. This opacity poses a significant challenge to AI systems…

(Artificial) neural networks have become increasingly popular in mechanics to accelerate computations with model order reduction techniques and as universal models for a wide variety of materials. However, the major disadvantage of neural…

In recent years, deep learning has become prevalent to solve applications from multiple domains. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) particularly have demonstrated state of the art performance for the task of image classification. However,…

Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a useful aid in numerous clinical applications for diagnosis and treatment decisions. Deep neural networks have shown same or better performance than clinicians in many tasks owing to the rapid…

Recent advancements in machine learning and signal processing domains have resulted in an extensive surge of interest in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) due to their unprecedented performance and high accuracy for different and challenging…

Neural networks are commonly regarded as black boxes performing incomprehensible functions. For classification problems networks provide maps from high dimensional feature space to K-dimensional image space. Images of training vector are…

Neural networks are ubiquitous in applied machine learning for education. Their pervasive success in predictive performance comes alongside a severe weakness, the lack of explainability of their decisions, especially relevant in…

Black box systems for automated decision making, often based on machine learning over (big) data, map a user's features into a class or a score without exposing the reasons why. This is problematic not only for lack of transparency, but…

As machine learning algorithms are increasingly applied to high impact yet high risk tasks, such as medical diagnosis or autonomous driving, it is critical that researchers can explain how such algorithms arrived at their predictions. In…

In recent years, machine learning (ML) has become a key enabling technology for the sciences and industry. Especially through improvements in methodology, the availability of large databases and increased computational power, today's ML…

Artificial neural networks are often very complex and too deep for a human to understand. As a result, they are usually referred to as black boxes. For a lot of real-world problems, the underlying pattern itself is very complicated, such…

Machine learning (ML) in general and deep learning (DL) in particular has become an extremely popular tool in several vision applications (like object detection, super resolution, segmentation, object tracking etc.). Almost in parallel, the…

Deep learning methods have been very effective for a variety of medical diagnostic tasks and has even beaten human experts on some of those. However, the black-box nature of the algorithms has restricted clinical use. Recent explainability…

This paper reviews recent studies in understanding neural-network representations and learning neural networks with interpretable/disentangled middle-layer representations. Although deep neural networks have exhibited superior performance…

Deep learning as represented by the artificial deep neural networks (DNNs) has achieved great success in many important areas that deal with text, images, videos, graphs, and so on. However, the black-box nature of DNNs has become one of…