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In this work, we propose a straightforward method to derive Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) key pairs from embeddings created using Deep Learning and Metric Learning approaches. We also show that these keys allows the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Christian S. Perone

A proof of work (PoW) blockchain protocol distributes rewards to its participants, called miners, according to their share of the total computational power. Sufficiently large miners can perform selfish mining - deviate from the protocol to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-16 Roi Bar-Zur , Ittay Eyal , Aviv Tamar

Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) facilitate decentralized computations across trust boundaries. However, ensuring complex computations with low gas fees and confidentiality remains challenging. Recent advances in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Fernando Castillo , Jonathan Heiss , Sebastian Werner , Stefan Tai

In Proof-of-Work blockchains, difficulty algorithms serve the crucial purpose of maintaining a stable transaction throughput by dynamically adjusting the block difficulty in response to the miners' constantly changing computational power.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Dragos I. Ilie , Sam M. Werner , Iain Stewart , William J. Knottenbelt

In this paper, we informally introduce the Pulsar proof of stake consensus paper and discuss the relevant design decisions and considerations. The Pulsar protocol we propose is designed to facilitate the creation of a proof of stake…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Samer Afach , Benjamin Marsh , Enrico Rubboli

In this paper we propose a double-linked blockchain data structure that greatly improves blockchain performance and guarantees single chain with no forks. Additionally, with the proposed proof-of-refundable-tax (PoRT) consensus algorithm,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Zheng-Xun Jiang , Ren-Song Tsay

We argue that the current POW based consensus algorithm of the Bitcoin network suffers from a fundamental economic discrepancy between the real world transaction (txn) costs incurred by miners and the wealth that is being transacted. Put…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-04-24 Valdemar Melicher

In a PoW-based blockchain network, mining pools (the solo miner could be regarded as a mining pool containing one miner) compete to successfully mine blocks to pursue rewards. Generally, the rewards include the fixed block subsidies and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Jinmian Chen , Yukun Cheng , Zhiqi Xu , Yan Cao

Shor-style quantum algorithms for the elliptic-curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP) are highly sensitive to the exact semantics of their group-operation oracles. Consequently, minor implementation choices can invalidate the intended…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Lei Zhang , Zhiyuan Chen

The development of quantum information platforms such as quantum computers and quantum simulators that will rival classical Turing computations are typically viewed as a threat to secure data transmissions and therefore to crypto-systems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-01 Kirill P. Kalinin , Natalia G. Berloff

Today's world is organized based on merit and value. A single global currency that's decentralized is needed for a global economy. Bitcoin is a partial solution to this need, however it suffers from scalability problems which prevent it…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Iurii Shyshatsky , Vinod Manoharan , Taras Emelyanenko , Lucas Leger

Blockchain as a promising technology is gaining its popularity ever since proof-of-work based Bitcoin came to the world. Nevertheless, Bitcoin achieves consensus at an expensive cost of energy. Proof-of-stake is one of the solutions for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Joshua Shen

Achieving the equilibrium between scalability, sustainability, and security while keeping decentralization has prevailed as the target solution for decentralized blockchain applications over the last years. Several approaches have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Mikel Cortes-Goicoechea , Leonardo Bautista-Gomez

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is a fundamental component of modern public-key cryptosystems that enable efficient and secure digital signatures, key exchanges, and encryption. Its core operation, scalar multiplication, denoted as $k…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Takreem Haider

Blockchain and general purpose distributed ledgers are foundational technologies which bring significant innovation in the infrastructures and other underpinnings of our socio-economic systems. These P2P technologies are able to securely…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Claudio J. Tessone , Paolo Tasca , Flavio Iannelli

Blockchain protocols implement total-order broadcast in a permissionless setting, where processes can freely join and leave. In such a setting, to safeguard against Sybil attacks, correct processes rely on cryptographic proofs tied to a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Sarah Azouvi , Christian Cachin , Duc V. Le , Marko Vukolic , Luca Zanolini

Bitcoin uses blockchain technology and proof-of-work (PoW) mechanism where nodes spend computing resources and earn rewards in return for spending these resources. This incentive system has caused power to be significantly biased towards a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Yujin Kwon , Jian Liu , Minjeong Kim , Dawn Song , Yongdae Kim

Committee-based blockchains are among the most popular alternatives of proof-of-work based blockchains, such as Bitcoin. They provide strong consistency (no fork) under classical assumptions, and avoid using energy-consuming mechanisms to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Yackolley Amoussou-Guenou , Antonella del Pozzo , Maria Potop-Butucaru , Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni

Bitcoin is a popular cryptocurrency that records alltransactions in a distributed append-only public ledger calledblockchain. The security of Bitcoin heavily relies on the incentive-compatible proof-of-work (PoW) based distributed consensus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Mauro Conti , Sandeep Kumar E , Chhagan Lal , Sushmita Ruj

Blockchain (BC), the technology behind the Bitcoin cryptocurrency system, is starting to be adopted for ensuring enhanced security and privacy in the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. Fervent research is currently being focused in both…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-15 Mahdi H. Miraz , Maaruf Ali