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Due to the inherent imbalance in real-world datasets, na\"ive Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM) tends to bias the learning process towards the majority classes, hindering generalization to minority classes. To rebalance the learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Zitai Wang , Qianqian Xu , Zhiyong Yang , Zhikang Xu , Linchao Zhang , Xiaochun Cao , Qingming Huang

Learning classifiers using skewed or imbalanced datasets can occasionally lead to classification issues; this is a serious issue. In some cases, one class contains the majority of examples while the other, which is frequently the more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Satyendra Singh Rawat , Amit Kumar Mishra

The problem of class imbalance is extensive for focusing on numerous applications in the real world. In such a situation, nearly all of the examples are labeled as one class called majority class, while far fewer examples are labeled as the…

Deep embedding learning is expected to learn a metric space in which features have smaller maximal intra-class distance than minimal inter-class distance. In recent years, one research focus is to solve the open-set problem by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Hao Zhu , Yang Yuan , Guosheng Hu , Xiang Wu , Neil Robertson

This paper first answers the question "why do the two most powerful techniques Dropout and Batch Normalization (BN) often lead to a worse performance when they are combined together?" in both theoretical and statistical aspects.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-17 Xiang Li , Shuo Chen , Xiaolin Hu , Jian Yang

This paper introduces a new approach to address the issue of class imbalance in graph neural networks (GNNs) for learning on graph-structured data. Our approach integrates imbalanced node classification and Bias-Variance Decomposition,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Liang Yan , Gengchen Wei , Chen Yang , Shengzhong Zhang , Zengfeng Huang

A number of classification problems need to deal with data imbalance between classes. Often it is desired to have a high recall on the minority class while maintaining a high precision on the majority class. In this paper, we review a…

Applications · Statistics 2016-08-23 Ajinkya More

Batch normalization (BN) has been very effective for deep learning and is widely used. However, when training with small minibatches, models using BN exhibit a significant degradation in performance. In this paper we study this peculiar…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-15 Saurabh Singh , Abhinav Shrivastava

Under-bagging (UB), which combines under-sampling and bagging, is a popular ensemble learning method for training classifiers on an imbalanced data. Using bagging to reduce the increased variance caused by the reduction in sample size due…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-19 Takashi Takahashi

Batch-normalization (BN) layers are thought to be an integrally important layer type in today's state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural networks for computer vision tasks such as classification and detection. However, BN layers introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Mark D. McDonnell , Hesham Mostafa , Runchun Wang , Andre van Schaik

Batch Normalization (BN) is a core and prevalent technique in accelerating the training of deep neural networks and improving the generalization on Computer Vision (CV) tasks. However, it fails to defend its position in Natural Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Jiaxi Wang , Ji Wu , Lei Huang

Regression is fundamental in computer vision and is widely used in various tasks including age estimation, depth estimation, target localization, \etc However, real-world data often exhibits imbalanced distribution, making regression models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Yahao Liu , Qin Wang , Lixin Duan , Wen Li

Supervised learning from training data with imbalanced class sizes, a commonly encountered scenario in real applications such as anomaly/fraud detection, has long been considered a significant challenge in machine learning. Motivated by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Yunru Liu , Tingran Gao , Haizhao Yang

Data augmentation forms the cornerstone of many modern machine learning training pipelines; yet, the mechanisms by which it works are not clearly understood. Much of the research on data augmentation (DA) has focused on improving existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Damien A. Dablain , Nitesh V. Chawla

To build light-weight network, we propose a new normalization, Fine-grained Batch Normalization (FBN). Different from Batch Normalization (BN), which normalizes the final summation of the weighted inputs, FBN normalizes the intermediate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-15 Chunjie Luo , Jianfeng Zhan , Lei Wang , Wanling Gao

Weight decay is often used to ensure good generalization in the training practice of deep neural networks with batch normalization (BN-DNNs), where some convolution layers are invariant to weight rescaling due to the normalization. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Ziquan Liu , Yufei Cui , Jia Wan , Yu Mao , Antoni B. Chan

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have begun to thrive in the field of automation systems, owing to the recent advancements in standardising various aspects such as architecture, optimization techniques, and regularization. In this paper, we take…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Anand Krishnamoorthy Subramanian , Nak Young Chong

Classification tasks require a balanced distribution of data to ensure the learner to be trained to generalize over all classes. In real-world datasets, however, the number of instances vary substantially among classes. This typically leads…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Joel Jang , Yoonjeon Kim , Kyoungho Choi , Sungho Suh

Class imbalance problem is commonly faced while developing machine learning models for real-life issues. Due to this problem, the fitted model tends to be biased towards the majority class data, which leads to lower precision, recall, AUC,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Md. Adnan Arefeen , Sumaiya Tabassum Nimi , M Sohel Rahman

Deep learning models tend to memorize training data, which hurts their ability to generalize to under-represented classes. We empirically study a convolutional neural network's internal representation of imbalanced image data and measure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Damien Dablain , Colin Bellinger , Bartosz Krawczyk , Nitesh Chawla