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It is well known that there may be many causal explanations that are consistent with a given set of data. Recent work has been done to represent the common aspects of these explanations into one representation. In this paper, we address…

Methodology · Statistics 2012-07-09 Ayesha R. Ali , Thomas S. Richardson , Peter L. Spirtes , Jiji Zhang

Directed acyclic graph (DAG) models, also called Bayesian networks, impose conditional independence constraints on a multivariate probability distribution, and are widely used in probabilistic reasoning, machine learning and causal…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-12-20 Robin J. Evans

A fundamental challenge in the empirical sciences involves uncovering causal structure through observation and experimentation. Causal discovery entails linking the conditional independence (CI) invariances in observational data to their…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-04 Zihan Zhou , Muhammad Qasim Elahi , Murat Kocaoglu

Different directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) may be Markov equivalent in the sense that they entail the same conditional independence relations among the observed variables. Meek (1995) characterizes Markov equivalence classes for DAGs (with no…

Methodology · Statistics 2012-06-26 Jiji Zhang

We present a graphical approach to deriving inequality constraints for directed acyclic graph (DAG) models, where some variables are unobserved. In particular we show that the observed distribution of a discrete model is always restricted…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-09-14 Robin J. Evans

We consider the problem of estimating causal DAG models from a mix of observational and interventional data, when the intervention targets are partially or completely unknown. This problem is highly relevant for example in genomics, since…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-23 Chandler Squires , Yuhao Wang , Caroline Uhler

We develop the theory linking 'E-separation' in directed mixed graphs (DMGs) with conditional independence relations among coordinate processes in stochastic differential equations (SDEs), where causal relationships are determined by "which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Georg Manten , Cecilia Casolo , Søren Wengel Mogensen , Niki Kilbertus

Graphical Markov models combine conditional independence constraints with graphical representations of stepwise data generating processes.The models started to be formulated about 40 years ago and vigorous development is ongoing.…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-10-12 Nanny Wermuth

Causal interactions among a group of variables are often modeled by a single causal graph. In some domains, however, these interactions are best described by multiple co-existing causal graphs, e.g., in dynamical systems or genomics. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Burak Varıcı , Dmitriy Katz-Rogozhnikov , Dennis Wei , Prasanna Sattigeri , Ali Tajer

We investigate probabilistic graphical models that allow for both cycles and latent variables. For this we introduce directed graphs with hyperedges (HEDGes), generalizing and combining both marginalized directed acyclic graphs (mDAGs) that…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-10-25 Patrick Forré , Joris M. Mooij

We consider the problem of characterizing Bayesian networks up to unconditional equivalence, i.e., when directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) have the same set of unconditional $d$-separation statements. Each unconditional equivalence class (UEC)…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-11 Alex Markham , Danai Deligeorgaki , Pratik Misra , Liam Solus

Directed acyclic graphical (DAG) models are a powerful tool for representing causal relationships among jointly distributed random variables, especially concerning data from across different experimental settings. However, it is not always…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-03 Francisco Madaleno , Pratik Misra , Alex Markham

Ancestral graphs are a class of graphs that encode conditional independence relations arising in DAG models with latent and selection variables, corresponding to marginalization and conditioning. However, for any ancestral graph, there may…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-07 Ayesha R. Ali , Thomas S. Richardson

The task of distribution generalization concerns making reliable prediction of a response in unseen environments. The structural causal models are shown to be useful to model distribution changes through intervention. Motivated by the…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-14 Kang Du , Yu Xiang

Bayesian causal discovery aims to infer the posterior distribution over causal models from observed data, quantifying epistemic uncertainty and benefiting downstream tasks. However, computational challenges arise due to joint inference over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Yashas Annadani , Nick Pawlowski , Joel Jennings , Stefan Bauer , Cheng Zhang , Wenbo Gong

Acyclic directed mixed graphs (ADMGs) are graphs that contain directed ($\rightarrow$) and bidirected ($\leftrightarrow$) edges, subject to the constraint that there are no cycles of directed edges. Such graphs may be used to represent the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-08-15 Robin J. Evans , Thomas S. Richardson

We study submodels of Gaussian DAG models defined by partial homogeneity constraints imposed on the model error variances and structural coefficients. We represent these models with colored DAGs and investigate their properties for use in…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-12 Tobias Boege , Kaie Kubjas , Pratik Misra , Liam Solus

Interventional causal discovery seeks to identify causal relations by leveraging distributional changes introduced by interventions, even in the presence of latent confounders. Beyond the spurious dependencies induced by latent confounders,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Gongxu Luo , Loka Li , Guangyi Chen , Haoyue Dai , Kun Zhang

The increasing availability of interventional data offers new opportunities for causal discovery, with gene perturbation studies providing a prominent example. Such data are typically count-valued and subject to substantial measurement…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-30 Yijiao Zhang , Hongzhe Li

Classical graphical modeling of multivariate random vectors uses graphs to encode conditional independence. In graphical modeling of multivariate stochastic processes, graphs may encode so-called local independence analogously. If some…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-02-27 Søren Wengel Mogensen