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Recent work using auxiliary prediction task classifiers to investigate the properties of LSTM representations has begun to shed light on why pretrained representations, like ELMo (Peters et al., 2018) and CoVe (McCann et al., 2017), are so…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-01-08 Kelly W. Zhang , Samuel R. Bowman

Sentence embeddings are commonly used in text clustering and semantic retrieval tasks. State-of-the-art sentence representation methods are based on artificial neural networks fine-tuned on large collections of manually labeled sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Sławomir Dadas

We present an extensive evaluation of three recently proposed methods for contextualized embeddings on 89 corpora in 54 languages of the Universal Dependencies 2.3 in three tasks: POS tagging, lemmatization, and dependency parsing.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-21 Milan Straka , Jana Straková , Jan Hajič

Recent advances in Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation (UNMT) have minimized the gap between supervised and unsupervised machine translation performance for closely related language pairs. However, the situation is very different for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Tamali Banerjee , Rudra Murthy , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Intermediate task transfer learning can greatly improve model performance. If, for example, one has little training data for emotion detection, first fine-tuning a language model on a sentiment classification dataset may improve performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 David Schulte , Felix Hamborg , Alan Akbik

This paper have two parts. In the first part we discuss word embeddings. We discuss the need for them, some of the methods to create them, and some of their interesting properties. We also compare them to image embeddings and see how word…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-10-27 Amit Mandelbaum , Adi Shalev

We propose BERMo, an architectural modification to BERT, which makes predictions based on a hierarchy of surface, syntactic and semantic language features. We use linear combination scheme proposed in Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-01 Sangamesh Kodge , Kaushik Roy

Recently, numerous embedding models have been made available and widely used for various NLP tasks. The Massive Text Embedding Benchmark (MTEB) has primarily simplified the process of choosing a model that performs well for several tasks in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Mathieu Ciancone , Imene Kerboua , Marion Schaeffer , Wissam Siblini

Vietnam ranks among the top countries in terms of both internet traffic and online toxicity. As a result, implementing embedding models for recommendation and content control duties in applications is crucial. However, a lack of large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Loc Pham , Tung Luu , Thu Vo , Minh Nguyen , Viet Hoang

The deployment of vision-language models remains constrained by substantial computational requirements. We present \textbf{FrEVL}, a framework exploring whether frozen pretrained embeddings can support effective vision-language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Emmanuelle Bourigault , Pauline Bourigault

In the current literature, most embedding models are based on the encoder-only transformer architecture to extract a dense and meaningful representation of the given input, which can be a text, an image, and more. With the recent advances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Elio Musacchio , Lucia Siciliani , Pierpaolo Basile , Giovanni Semeraro

We propose a new kind of embedding for natural language text that deeply represents semantic meaning. Standard text embeddings use the outputs from hidden layers of a pretrained language model. In our method, we let a language model learn…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Oleg Vasilyev , John Bohannon

While Large Language Models have gained attention, many service developers still rely on embedding-based models due to practical constraints. In such cases, the quality of fine-tuning data directly impacts performance, and English datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Jong Myoung Kim , Young-Jun Lee , Ho-Jin Choi , Sangkeun Jung

Fine-tuning LLM-based text embedders via contrastive learning maps inputs and outputs into a new representational space, discarding the LLM's output semantics. We propose LLM2Vec-Gen, a self-supervised alternative that instead produces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Parishad BehnamGhader , Vaibhav Adlakha , Fabian David Schmidt , Nicolas Chapados , Marius Mosbach , Siva Reddy

This paper proposes a technique for adding a new source or target language to an existing multilingual NMT model without re-training it on the initial set of languages. It consists in replacing the shared vocabulary with a small…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Alexandre Berard

Very low-resource languages, having only a few million tokens worth of data, are not well-supported by multilingual NLP approaches due to poor quality cross-lingual word representations. Recent work showed that good cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Viktor Hangya , Silvia Severini , Radoslav Ralev , Alexander Fraser , Hinrich Schütze

The contrast between the need for large amounts of data for current Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, and the lack thereof, is accentuated in the case of African languages, most of which are considered low-resource. To help…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Machel Reid , Edison Marrese-Taylor , Yutaka Matsuo

Negation plays an important role in various natural language processing tasks such as Natural Language Inference and Sentiment Analysis tasks. Numerous prior studies have found that contextual text embedding models such as BERT, ELMO,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Hongliu Cao

Recent work in cross-lingual contextual word embedding learning cannot handle multi-sense words well. In this work, we explore the characteristics of contextual word embeddings and show the link between contextual word embeddings and word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-20 Zheng Zhang , Ruiqing Yin , Jun Zhu , Pierre Zweigenbaum

Modern day Language Models see extensive use in text classification, yet this comes at significant computational cost. Compute-effective classification models are needed for low-resource environments, most notably on edge devices. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Stan Loosmore , Alexander Titus
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