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Mediation analysis is a powerful tool for studying causal pathways between exposure, mediator, and outcome variables of interest. While classical mediation analysis using observational data often requires strong and sometimes unrealistic…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-20 Rita Qiuran Lyu , Chong Wu , Xinwei Ma , Jingshen Wang

Mendelian randomization (MR) is a method of exploiting genetic variation to unbiasedly estimate a causal effect in presence of unmeasured confounding. MR is being widely used in epidemiology and other related areas of population science. In…

Applications · Statistics 2019-01-03 Qingyuan Zhao , Jingshu Wang , Gibran Hemani , Jack Bowden , Dylan S. Small

In Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, genetic variants are used as instrumental variables (IVs) to investigate causal relationships between exposures and outcomes based on observational data. However, numerous genetic studies have shown…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-10 Julien St-Pierre , Archer Y. Yang , Mireille E. Schnitzer , Marc-André Legault

Mendelian Randomization (MR) is a prominent observational epidemiological research method designed to address unobserved confounding when estimating causal effects. However, core assumptions -- particularly the independence between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Shimeng Huang , Matthew Robinson , Francesco Locatello

Background: Mendelian randomization (MR) has been widely applied to causal inference in medical research. It uses genetic variants as instrumental variables (IVs) to investigate putative causal relationship between an exposure and an…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-04 Linyi Zou , Hui Guo , Carlo Berzuini

Micro-randomized trials are commonly conducted for optimizing mobile health interventions such as push notifications for behavior change. In analyzing such trials, causal excursion effects are often of primary interest, and their estimation…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-19 Yihan Bao , Lauren Bell , Elizabeth Williamson , Claire Garnett , Tianchen Qian

Mendelian randomization (MR) considers using genetic variants as instrumental variables (IVs) to infer causal effects in observational studies. However, the validity of causal inference in MR can be compromised when the IVs are potentially…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-06 Ziya Xu , Sai Li

Mendelian Randomisation (MR) uses genetic variants as instrumental variables to infer causal effects of exposures on an outcome. One key assumption of MR is that the genetic variants used as instrumental variables are independent of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-21 Maximilian M Mandl , Anne-Laure Boulesteix , Stephen Burgess , Verena Zuber

Mendelian randomization is an instrumental variable method that utilizes genetic information to investigate the causal effect of a modifiable exposure on an outcome. In most cases, the exposure changes over time. Understanding the…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-11 Haodong Tian , Ashish Patel , Stephen Burgess

In the past decade, the increased availability of genome-wide association studies summary data has popularized Mendelian Randomization (MR) for conducting causal inference. MR analyses, incorporating genetic variants as instrumental…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-26 Zhongming Xie , Wanheng Zhang , Jingshen Wang , Chong Wu

Inverse probability weighting (IPW) is widely used in many areas when data are subject to unrepresentativeness, missingness, or selection bias. An inevitable challenge with the use of IPW is that the IPW estimator can be remarkably unstable…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-29 Yukun Liu , Yan Fan

The use of genetic variants as instrumental variables - an approach known as Mendelian randomization - is a popular epidemiological method for estimating the causal effect of an exposure (phenotype, biomarker, risk factor) on a disease or…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-12-21 Ioan Gabriel Bucur , Tom Claassen , Tom Heskes

Estimating the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome is an important task in many economical and biological studies. Mendelian randomization, in particular, uses genetic variants as instruments to estimate causal effects in…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-06-06 Sai Li

The Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon rank sum test (MWWRST) is a widely used method for comparing two treatment groups in randomized control trials, particularly when dealing with highly skewed data. However, when applied to observational study data,…

Survey instruments and assessments are frequently used in many domains of social science. When the constructs that these assessments try to measure become multifaceted, multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) provides a unified…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-08 Chenchen Ma , Jing Ouyang , Chun Wang , Gongjun Xu

We consider the challenging problem of estimating causal effects from purely observational data in the bi-directional Mendelian randomization (MR), where some invalid instruments, as well as unmeasured confounding, usually exist. To address…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-15 Feng Xie , Zhen Yao , Lin Xie , Yan Zeng , Zhi Geng

Many diseases and traits involve a complex interplay between genes and environment, generating significant interest in studying gene-environment interaction through observational data. However, for lifestyle and environmental risk factors,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-22 Malka Gorfine , Conghui Qu , Ulrike Peters , Li Hsu

Mendelian randomization (MR) is a pivotal tool in genetics, genomics, and epidemiology, leveraging genetic variants as instrumental variables to infer causal relationships between exposures and outcomes. Traditional MR methods, while…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-15 Bitan Sarkar , Yuchao Jiang , Tian Ge , Yang Ni

Standard Mendelian randomization analysis can produce biased results if the genetic variant defining the instrumental variable (IV) is confounded and/or has a horizontal pleiotropic effect on the outcome of interest not mediated by the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-03-31 Zhonghua Liu , Ting Ye , Baoluo Sun , Mary Schooling , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

Marginal structural models (MSMs) with inverse probability weighting offer an approach to estimating causal effects of treatment sequences on repeated outcome measures in the presence of time-varying confounding and dependent censoring.…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-07-02 Sean Yiu , Li Su