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Accurately determining the crystallographic structure of a material, organic or inorganic, is a critical primary step in material development and analysis. The most common practices involve analysis of diffraction patterns produced in…

Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) of local atomic diffraction patterns is emerging as a powerful technique for probing intricate details of atomic structure and atomic electric fields. However, efficient…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-01-15 Xin Li , Ondrej E. Dyck , Mark P. Oxley , Andrew R. Lupini , Leland McInnes , John Healy , Stephen Jesse , Sergei V. Kalinin

Compact direct electron detectors are becoming increasingly popular in electron microscopy applications including electron backscatter diffraction, as they offer an opportunity for low cost and accessible microstructural analysis. In this…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-10-17 Tianbi Zhang , Ruth Birch , Graeme Francolini , Ebru Karakurt Uluscu , Ben Britton

Synthesizing longitudinal medical images at controllable disease stages while preserving patient-specific anatomy is hindered by the entanglement of pathological textures and structural features. We address this challenge for ulcerative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Umut Dundar , Alptekin Temizel

This paper describes the application of a laser diffraction technique to the study of electroconvection in nematic liquid crystal cells. It allows a real-time quantitative access to pattern wave lengths and amplitudes. The diffraction…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2009-11-07 Th. John , U. Behn , R. Stannarius

We introduce SteeringDiffusion, a bottlenecked activation-level control interface for diffusion models that exposes a smooth, monotonic, and runtime-adjustable control surface over the content--style trade-off. Our method keeps the U-Net…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Fangzheng Wu , Brian Summa

A new method for dark field imaging is introduced which uses scanned electron diffraction (or 4DSTEM - 4-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy) datasets as its input. Instead of working on simple summation of intensity, it…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-09-18 Ian MacLaren , Andrew T. Fraser , Matthew R. Lipsett , Colin Ophus

To assist in the planning of in situ loading, HEDM experiments by generating synthetic diffraction images of virtual samples in loaded and unloaded states. The user designates a target grain in the virtual sample and specifies the set of…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-04-03 Paul R. Dawson , Matthew P. Miller

The 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) method has enabled mapping of the structure and functionality of solids on the atomic scale, yielding information-rich data sets containing information on the interatomic electric and…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-09-24 Mark P. Oxley , Maxim Ziatdinov , Ondrej Dyck , Andrew R. Lupini , Rama Vasudevan , Sergei V. Kalinin

We report a promising InSiO film that allows simultaneous observation of sample morphology and Kikuchi patterns in raster scan mode of scanning electron microscopy. This new experimental observation suggests potential mechanism beyond…

Strain engineering enables the direct modification of the atomic bonding and is currently an active area of research aimed at improving the electrocatalytic activity. However, directly measuring the lattice strain of individual catalyst…

Materials Science · Physics 2020-04-28 Debangshu Mukherjee , Jocelyn T. L. Gamler , Sara E. Skrabalak , Raymond R. Unocic

Camera-based tactile sensors can provide high-density surface geometry and force information for robots in the interaction process with the target. However, most existing methods cannot achieve accurate reconstruction with high efficiency,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Jieji Ren , Heng Guo , Zaiyan Yang , Jinnuo Zhang , Yueshi Dong , Ningbin Zhang , Boxin Shi , Jiang Zou , Guoying Gu

Despite advancements in electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) detector speeds, the acquisition rates of 4-Dimensional (4D) EBSD data, i.e., a collection of 2-dimensional (2D) diffraction maps for every position of a convergent electron…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-02 Zoë Broad , Daniel Nicholls , Jack Wells , Alex W. Robinson , Amirafshar Moshtaghpour , Robert Masters , Louise Hughes , Nigel D. Browning

Directed atomic fabrication using an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) opens new pathways for atomic engineering of functional materials. In this approach, the electron beam is used to actively alter the…

We present a new analysis method for atomic resolution four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM, in which a diffraction pattern is collected at each point of a raster scan of a focused electron beam across the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-08-11 Yining Xie , Eoin Moynihan , Marin Alexe , Louis Piper , Ana Sanchez , Richard Beanland

On- and off-axis electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is a powerful method for probing local electronic structure on single atom level. However, many materials undergo electron-beam induced transformation during the scanning…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-10-23 Kevin M. Roccapriore , Riccardo Torsi , Joshua Robinson , Sergei V. Kalinin , Maxim Ziatdinov

The accuracy of the information that can be extracted from electron diffraction patterns is often limited by the presence of optical distortions. Existing distortion characterization techniques typically require knowledge of the reciprocal…

Digital image correlation (DIC) has become one of the most popular methods for deformation characterization in experimental mechanics. DIC is based on optical images taken during experimentation and post-test image processing. Its…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-27 Ravi Venkata Surya Sai Mogilisetti , Partha Pratim Das , Rassel Raihan , Shiyao Lin

Ultrafast electron diffraction/microscopy technique enables us to investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics of crystal structures in the femtosecond-nanosecond time domain. However, the electron diffraction intensities are in general…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-07-10 Toshiya Shiratori , Jumpei Koga , Takahiro Shimojima , Kyoko Ishizaka , Asuka Nakamura

Automation underpins progress across scientific and industrial disciplines. Yet, automating tasks requiring interpretation of abstract visual information remain challenging. For example, crystal alignment strongly relies on humans with the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 J. Oppliger , M. Stifter , A. Rüegg , I. Biało , L. Martinelli , P. G. Freeman , D. Prabhakaran , J. Zhao , Q. Wang , J. Chang