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This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical investigation into the parameterized complexity of explanation problems in various machine learning (ML) models. Contrary to the prevalent black-box perception, our study focuses on models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Sebastian Ordyniak , Giacomo Paesani , Mateusz Rychlicki , Stefan Szeider

When it comes to complex machine learning models, commonly referred to as black boxes, understanding the underlying decision making process is crucial for domains such as healthcare and financial services, and also when it is used in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Jürgen Dieber , Sabrina Kirrane

One-class anomaly detection aims to detect objects that do not belong to a predefined normal class. In practice training data lack those anomalous samples; hence state-of-the-art methods are trained to discriminate between normal and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Romain Hermary , Vincent Gaudillière , Abd El Rahman Shabayek , Djamila Aouada

Deep learning has become the de facto standard and dominant paradigm in image analysis tasks, achieving state-of-the-art performance. However, this approach often results in "black-box" models, whose decision-making processes are difficult…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Nguyen Van Tu , Pham Nguyen Hai Long , Vo Hoai Viet

On-line detection of anomalies in time series is a key technique used in various event-sensitive scenarios such as robotic system monitoring, smart sensor networks and data center security. However, the increasing diversity of data sources…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-26 Wentai Wu , Ligang He , Weiwei Lin , Yi Su , Yuhua Cui , Carsten Maple , Stephen Jarvis

While utilization of digital agents to support crucial decision making is increasing, trust in suggestions made by these agents is hard to achieve. However, it is essential to profit from their application, resulting in a need for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Michael Heider , Helena Stegherr , Jonathan Wurth , Roman Sraj , Jörg Hähner

The use of deep learning in computer vision tasks such as image classification has led to a rapid increase in the performance of such systems. Due to this substantial increment in the utility of these systems, the use of artificial…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-05 Vinay Jogani , Joy Purohit , Ishaan Shivhare , Seema C Shrawne

Data-driven anomaly detection methods typically build a model for the normal behavior of the target system, and score each data instance with respect to this model. A threshold is invariably needed to identify data instances with high (or…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-09 Sreelekha Guggilam , S. M. Arshad Zaidi , Varun Chandola , Abani Patra

We investigate anomaly detection in an unsupervised framework and introduce Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) neural network based algorithms. In particular, given variable length data sequences, we first pass these sequences through our LSTM…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-25 Tolga Ergen , Ali Hassan Mirza , Suleyman Serdar Kozat

Anomaly detection (AD), separating anomalies from normal data, has many applications across domains, from security to healthcare. While most previous works were shown to be effective for cases with fully or partially labeled data, that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Jinsung Yoon , Kihyuk Sohn , Chun-Liang Li , Sercan O. Arik , Chen-Yu Lee , Tomas Pfister

Explainable AI (XAI) is an increasingly important area of machine learning research, which aims to make black-box models transparent and interpretable. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to XAI that uses the so-called counterfactual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Bastian Pfeifer , Mateusz Krzyzinski , Hubert Baniecki , Anna Saranti , Andreas Holzinger , Przemyslaw Biecek

Black-box explanation is the problem of explaining how a machine learning model -- whose internal logic is hidden to the auditor and generally complex -- produces its outcomes. Current approaches for solving this problem include model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Ulrich Aïvodji , Hiromi Arai , Olivier Fortineau , Sébastien Gambs , Satoshi Hara , Alain Tapp

Anomaly detection in time-series has a wide range of practical applications. While numerous anomaly detection methods have been proposed in the literature, a recent survey concluded that no single method is the most accurate across various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Mononito Goswami , Cristian Challu , Laurent Callot , Lenon Minorics , Andrey Kan

Time series anomaly detection presents various challenges due to the sequential and dynamic nature of time-dependent data. Traditional unsupervised methods frequently encounter difficulties in generalization, often overfitting to known…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-30 Aitor Sánchez-Ferrera , Borja Calvo , Jose A. Lozano

Black-box nature of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models do not allow users to comprehend and sometimes trust the output created by such model. In AI applications, where not only the results but also the decision paths to the results are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ibrahim Kok , Feyza Yildirim Okay , Ozgecan Muyanli , Suat Ozdemir

Anomaly detection is a classical problem in computer vision, namely the determination of the normal from the abnormal when datasets are highly biased towards one class (normal) due to the insufficient sample size of the other class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-14 Samet Akcay , Amir Atapour-Abarghouei , Toby P. Breckon

Anomaly detection and its explanation is important in many research areas such as intrusion detection, fraud detection, unknown attack detection in network traffic and logs. It is challenging to identify the cause or explanation of why one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Khushnaseeb Roshan , Aasim Zafar

With the growing interest in deploying robots in unstructured and uncertain environments, there has been increasing interest in factoring risk into safety-critical control development. Similarly, the authors believe risk should also be…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-08 Prithvi Akella , Mohamadreza Ahmadi , Aaron D. Ames

Deep learning is becoming increasingly adopted in business and industry due to its ability to transform large quantities of data into high-performing models. These models, however, are generally regarded as black boxes, which, in spite of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Stefan Druc , Peter Wooldridge , Adarsh Krishnamurthy , Soumik Sarkar , Aditya Balu

Support vector machine (SVM) is a powerful machine learning algorithm to handle classification tasks. However, the classical SVM is developed for binary problems with the assumption of balanced datasets. Obviously, the multi-class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Zhong-Liang Zhang , Jie Yang , Jian-Ming Ru , Xiao-Xi Zhao , Xing-Gang Luo