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Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) or stochastic approximation has been widely used in model training and stochastic optimization. While there is a huge literature on analyzing its convergence, inference on the obtained solutions from SGD…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-01 Henry Lam , Zitong Wang

This paper studies the convergence of clipped stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithms with decision-dependent data distribution. Our setting is motivated by privacy preserving optimization algorithms that interact with performative…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-31 Qiang Li , Michal Yemini , Hoi-To Wai

In this book chapter, we briefly describe the main components that constitute the gradient descent method and its accelerated and stochastic variants. We aim at explaining these components from a mathematical point of view, including…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-20 Quoc Tran-Dinh , Marten van Dijk

The classical convergence analysis of SGD is carried out under the assumption that the norm of the stochastic gradient is uniformly bounded. While this might hold for some loss functions, it is violated for cases where the objective…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-11-12 Lam M. Nguyen , Phuong Ha Nguyen , Peter Richtárik , Katya Scheinberg , Martin Takáč , Marten van Dijk

We consider the problem of sampling from a target distribution, which is \emph {not necessarily logconcave}, in the context of empirical risk minimization and stochastic optimization as presented in Raginsky et al. (2017). Non-asymptotic…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-02-03 Ngoc Huy Chau , Éric Moulines , Miklos Rásonyi , Sotirios Sabanis , Ying Zhang

It has been experimentally observed that distributed implementations of mini-batch stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithms exhibit speedup saturation and decaying generalization ability beyond a particular batch-size. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-09 Dong Yin , Ashwin Pananjady , Max Lam , Dimitris Papailiopoulos , Kannan Ramchandran , Peter Bartlett

Stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics (SGLD) is a computationally efficient sampler for Bayesian posterior inference given a large scale dataset. Although SGLD is designed for unbounded random variables, many practical models incorporate…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-21 Soma Yokoi , Takuma Otsuka , Issei Sato

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD), a widely used algorithm in deep-learning neural networks has attracted continuing studies for the theoretical principles behind its success. A recent work reports an anomaly (inverse) relation between the…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2023-08-16 Xia Xiong , Yong-Cong Chen , Chunxiao Shi , Ping Ao

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) has been studied extensively over the past decades due to its simplicity and broad applicability in machine learning. In this work, we analyze the local behavior of gradient descent and stochastic gradient…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Sebastian Kassing , Thomas Kruse

Stochastic gradient algorithms are often unstable when applied to functions that do not have Lipschitz-continuous and/or bounded gradients. Gradient clipping is a simple and effective technique to stabilize the training process for problems…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-11 Vien V. Mai , Mikael Johansson

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is a cornerstone of large-scale optimization, yet its theoretical behavior under heavy-tailed noise -- common in modern machine learning and reinforcement learning -- remains poorly understood. In this…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-08 Ilyas Fatkhullin , Florian Hübler , Guanghui Lan

Applying standard Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms to large data sets is computationally infeasible. The recently proposed stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics (SGLD) method circumvents this problem in three ways: it generates…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-09-22 Sebastian J. Vollmer , Konstantinos C. Zygalakis , and Yee Whye Teh

Mini-batch stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is state of the art in large scale distributed training. The scheme can reach a linear speedup with respect to the number of workers, but this is rarely seen in practice as the scheme often…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-05-06 Sebastian U. Stich

In this paper we study the problem of minimizing the average of a large number ($n$) of smooth convex loss functions. We propose a new method, S2GD (Semi-Stochastic Gradient Descent), which runs for one or several epochs in each of which a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-06-17 Jakub Konečný , Peter Richtárik

In this paper, we investigate the theoretical properties of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) for statistical inference in the context of nonconvex optimization problems, which have been relatively unexplored compared to convex settings.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-06 Yanjie Zhong , Todd Kuffner , Soumendra Lahiri

We propose a new framework, inspired by random matrix theory, for analyzing the dynamics of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) when both number of samples and dimensions are large. This framework applies to any fixed stepsize and the finite…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-09 Courtney Paquette , Kiwon Lee , Fabian Pedregosa , Elliot Paquette

Stochastic Gradient Langevin Dynamics infuses isotropic gradient noise to SGD to help navigate pathological curvature in the loss landscape for deep networks. Isotropic nature of the noise leads to poor scaling, and adaptive methods based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Chandrasekaran Anirudh Bhardwaj

We study the convergence to equilibrium of an underdamped Langevin equation that is controlled by a linear feedback force. Specifically, we are interested in sampling the possibly multimodal invariant probability distribution of a Langevin…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-01-12 Tobias Breiten , Carsten Hartmann , Lara Neureither , Upanshu Sharma

The graduated optimization approach is a method for finding global optimal solutions for nonconvex functions by using a function smoothing operation with stochastic noise. This paper makes three contributions regarding graduated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Naoki Sato , Hideaki Iiduka

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is central to deep learning, yet the dynamical origin of its preference for flatter, more generalizable solutions remains unclear. Here, by analyzing SGD learning dynamics, we identify a nonequilibrium…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Ning Yang , Yikuan Zhang , Qi Ouyang , Chao Tang , Yuhai Tu