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This paper aims to improve privacy-preserving visual recognition, an increasingly demanded feature in smart camera applications, by formulating a unique adversarial training framework. The proposed framework explicitly learns a degradation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Zhenyu Wu , Zhangyang Wang , Zhaowen Wang , Hailin Jin

In this paper, we consider a privacy preserving encoding framework for identification applications covering biometrics, physical object security and the Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed framework is based on a sparsifying transform,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-10-02 Behrooz Razeghi , Slava Voloshynovskiy , Dimche Kostadinov , Olga Taran

Deep learning has bolstered gaze estimation techniques, but real-world deployment has been impeded by inadequate training datasets. This problem is exacerbated by both hardware-induced variations in eye images and inherent biological…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Sean Anthony Byrne , Virmarie Maquiling , Marcus Nyström , Enkelejda Kasneci , Diederick C. Niehorster

Human eye gaze estimation is an important cognitive ingredient for successful human-robot interaction, enabling the robot to read and predict human behavior. We approach this problem using artificial neural networks and build a modular…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Dmytro Herashchenko , Igor Farkaš

Retinal image-based eye tracking is widely used in ophthalmic imaging and vision science, and is a promising path to deliver higher gaze accuracy than the pupil- and cornea-based approaches commonly used in modern AR/VR devices.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Bo Wen , Dillon Lohr , Yatong An , Pushkar Anand , Alexander Fix , Ruobing Qian , Catherine A. Fromm , Yimin Ding , Truong Nguyen , Mohamed El-Haddad , Francesco La Rocca

Privacy is a highly subjective concept and perceived variably by different individuals. Previous research on quantifying user-perceived privacy has primarily relied on questionnaires. Furthermore, applying user-perceived privacy to optimise…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Mayar Elfares , Pascal Reisert , Ralf Küsters , Andreas Bulling

Vision is a popular and effective sensor for robotics from which we can derive rich information about the environment: the geometry and semantics of the scene, as well as the age, gender, identity, activity and even emotional state of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Adam K. Taras , Niko Suenderhauf , Peter Corke , Donald G. Dansereau

Deep neural networks for video-based eye tracking have demonstrated resilience to noisy environments, stray reflections, and low resolution. However, to train these networks, a large number of manually annotated images are required. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Nitinraj Nair , Rakshit Kothari , Aayush K. Chaudhary , Zhizhuo Yang , Gabriel J. Diaz , Jeff B. Pelz , Reynold J. Bailey

The expanding usage of complex machine learning methods like deep learning has led to an explosion in human activity recognition, particularly applied to health. In particular, as part of a larger body sensor network system, face and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-24 Salman Seyedi , Zifan Jiang , Allan Levey , Gari D. Clifford

Shared control improves Human-Robot Interaction by reducing the user's workload and increasing the robot's autonomy. It allows robots to perform tasks under the user's supervision. Current eye-tracking-driven approaches face several…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Anke Fischer-Janzen , Thomas M. Wendt , Kristof Van Laerhoven

Latest gaze estimation methods require large-scale training data but their collection and exchange pose significant privacy risks. We propose PrivatEyes - the first privacy-enhancing training approach for appearance-based gaze estimation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Mayar Elfares , Pascal Reisert , Zhiming Hu , Wenwu Tang , Ralf Küsters , Andreas Bulling

Eye tracking (ET) is a key enabler for Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR). Prototyping new ET hardware requires assessing the impact of hardware choices on eye tracking performance. This task is compounded by the high cost of obtaining…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Esther Y. H. Lin , Yimin Ding , Jogendra Kundu , Yatong An , Mohamed T. El-Haddad , Alexander Fix

Despite significant advances in improving the gaze tracking accuracy under controlled conditions, the tracking robustness under real-world conditions, such as large head pose and movements, use of eyeglasses, illumination and eye type…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-04 Nuri Murat Arar , Jean-Philippe Thiran

As eye tracking becomes pervasive with screen-based devices and head-mounted displays, privacy concerns regarding eye-tracking data have escalated. While state-of-the-art approaches for privacy-preserving eye tracking mostly involve…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Suleyman Ozdel , Efe Bozkir , Enkelejda Kasneci

Eye-tracking applications that utilize the human gaze in video understanding tasks have become increasingly important. To effectively automate the process of video analysis based on eye-tracking data, it is important to accurately replicate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Suleyman Ozdel , Yao Rong , Berat Mert Albaba , Yen-Ling Kuo , Xi Wang , Enkelejda Kasneci

Gaze and face tracking algorithms have traditionally battled a compromise between computational complexity and accuracy; the most accurate neural net algorithms cannot be implemented in real time, but less complex real-time algorithms…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-11-21 George He , Sami Oueida , Tucker Ward

This study examines the effectiveness of the real-time privacy-preserving techniques through an offline gaze-based interaction simulation framework. Those techniques aim to reduce the amount of identity-related information in eye-tracking…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Mehedi Hasan Raju , Oleg V. Komogortsev

Pose estimation is an important technique for nonverbal human-robot interaction. That said, the presence of a camera in a person's space raises privacy concerns and could lead to distrust of the robot. In this paper, we propose a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Youya Xia , Yifan Tang , Yuhan Hu , Guy Hoffman

With the growing use of eye tracking on VR and mobile platforms, gaze data is increasing. While scanpath comparison is important to gaze behavior analysis, existing methods lack privacy-preserving capabilities for real-world use. We present…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Suleyman Ozdel , Amr Nader , Yasmeen Abdrabou , Enkelejda Kasneci

Deep generative models are often trained on sensitive data, such as genetic sequences, health data, or more broadly, any copyrighted, licensed or protected content. This raises critical concerns around privacy-preserving synthetic data, and…