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The past decade has seen the rapid development of Reinforcement Learning, which acquires impressive performance with numerous training resources. However, one of the greatest challenges in RL is generalization efficiency (i.e.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Qi Yang , Peng Yang , Ke Tang

We formulate the problem of learning to imitate multiple, non-deterministic teachers with minimal interaction cost. Rather than learning a specific policy as in standard imitation learning, the goal in this problem is to learn a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Khanh Nguyen , Hal Daumé

This paper proposes a policy-based deep reinforcement learning hyper-heuristic framework for solving the Job Shop Scheduling Problem. The hyper-heuristic agent learns to switch scheduling rules based on the system state dynamically. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Sofiene Lassoued , Asrat Gobachew , Stefan Lier , Andreas Schwung

While deep learning (DL) is data-hungry and usually relies on extensive labeled data to deliver good performance, Active Learning (AL) reduces labeling costs by selecting a small proportion of samples from unlabeled data for labeling and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Xueying Zhan , Qingzhong Wang , Kuan-hao Huang , Haoyi Xiong , Dejing Dou , Antoni B. Chan

In the era of data-driven intelligence, the paradox of data abundance and annotation scarcity has emerged as a critical bottleneck in the advancement of machine learning. This paper gives a detailed overview of Active Learning (AL), which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Chiung-Yi Tseng , Junhao Song , Ziqian Bi , Tianyang Wang , Chia Xin Liang , Xinyuan Song , Ming Liu

Active learning aims to identify the most informative data from an unlabeled data pool that enables a model to reach the desired accuracy rapidly. This benefits especially deep neural networks which generally require a huge number of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Jihyo Kim , Jeonghyeon Kim , Sangheum Hwang

Spurious correlations in real-world datasets cause machine learning models to rely on irrelevant patterns, undermining reliability, generalization, and fairness. Active learning offers a promising way to address this failure mode by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Kin Whye Chew , Jingxian Wang

Active learning is a learning strategy whereby the machine learning algorithm actively identifies and labels data points to optimize its learning. This strategy is particularly effective in domains where an abundance of unlabeled data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Zan-Kai Chong , Hiroyuki Ohsaki , Bryan Ng

Most active learning research has focused on methods which perform well when many labels are available, but can be dramatically worse than random selection when label budgets are small. Other methods have focused on the low-budget regime,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Wonho Bae , Gabriel L. Oliveira , Danica J. Sutherland

Active Learning (AL) has the potential to solve a major problem of digital pathology: the efficient acquisition of labeled data for machine learning algorithms. However, existing AL methods often struggle in realistic settings with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Arne Schmidt , Pablo Morales-Álvarez , Lee A. D. Cooper , Lee A. Newberg , Andinet Enquobahrie , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos , Rafael Molina

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms can solve complex sequential decision tasks successfully. However, they have a major drawback of having poor sample efficiency which can often be tackled by knowledge reuse. In Multi-Agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Ercüment İlhan , Jeremy Gow , Diego Perez-Liebana

One of the biggest challenges that complicates applied supervised machine learning is the need for huge amounts of labeled data. Active Learning (AL) is a well-known standard method for efficiently obtaining labeled data by first labeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Julius Gonsior , Maik Thiele , Wolfgang Lehner

Active learning (AL) aims to optimize model training and reduce annotation costs by selecting the most informative samples for labeling. Typically, AL methods rely on the empirical distribution of labeled data to define the decision…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Hui Xiang , Jinqiao Shi , Ting Zhang , Xiaojie Zhao , Yong Liu , Yong Ma

Recently, several studies have investigated active learning (AL) for natural language processing tasks to alleviate data dependency. However, for query selection, most of these studies mainly rely on uncertainty-based sampling, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-30 Yekyung Kim

Active Learning (AL) is an active domain of research, but is seldom used in the industry despite the pressing needs. This is in part due to a misalignment of objectives, while research strives at getting the best results on selected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Alexandre Abraham , Léo Dreyfus-Schmidt

Active learning (AL) is a human-and-model-in-the-loop paradigm that iteratively selects informative unlabeled data for human annotation, aiming to improve over random sampling. However, performing AL experiments with human annotations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Katerina Margatina , Nikolaos Aletras

Active Learning (AL) aims to enhance the performance of deep models by selecting the most informative samples for annotation from a pool of unlabeled data. Despite impressive performance in closed-set settings, most AL methods fail in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Bardia Safaei , Vibashan VS , Celso M. de Melo , Vishal M. Patel

Hierarchical Imitation Learning (HIL) has been proposed to recover highly-complex behaviors in long-horizon tasks from expert demonstrations by modeling the task hierarchy with the option framework. Existing methods either overlook the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Jiayu Chen , Tian Lan , Vaneet Aggarwal

Active learning (AL) is a prominent technique for reducing the annotation effort required for training machine learning models. Deep learning offers a solution for several essential obstacles to deploying AL in practice but introduces many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Akim Tsvigun , Artem Shelmanov , Gleb Kuzmin , Leonid Sanochkin , Daniil Larionov , Gleb Gusev , Manvel Avetisian , Leonid Zhukov

There is a recent trend of applying multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) to train an agent that can cooperate with humans in a zero-shot fashion without using any human data. The typical workflow is to first repeatedly run self-play…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Chao Yu , Jiaxuan Gao , Weilin Liu , Botian Xu , Hao Tang , Jiaqi Yang , Yu Wang , Yi Wu