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Managing technical debt (TD) is critical to ensure the sustainability of long-term software projects. However, the time and cost involved in technical debt management (TDM) often discourage practitioners from performing this activity…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 João Paulo Biazotto , Daniel Feitosa , Paris Avgeriou , Elisa Yumi Nakagawa

Research software (also called scientific software) is essential for advancing scientific endeavours. Research software encapsulates complex algorithms and domain-specific knowledge and is a fundamental component of all science. A pervasive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Neil A. Ernst , Ahmed Musa Awon , Swapnil Hingmire , Ze Shi Li

The long lifetime and the evolving nature of industrial products make them subject to technical debt at different levels. Despite multiple years of research on technical debt management, our industrial experience shows that introducing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Somayeh Malakuti , Jens Heuschkel

Technical debt describes situations where developers write less-than-optimal code to meet project milestones. However, this debt accumulation often results in future developer effort to live with or fix these quality issues. To better…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Gregory Wilder , Riley Miyamoto , Samuel Watson , Rick Kazman , Anthony Peruma

Context: Advances in technical debt research demonstrate the benefits of applying the financial debt metaphor to support decision-making in software development activities. Although decision-making during requirements engineering has…

Context: Software start-ups are young companies aiming to build and market software-intensive products fast with little resources. Aiming to accelerate time-to-market, start-ups often opt for ad-hoc engineering practices, make shortcuts in…

Technical debt is often the result of Short Run decisions made during code development, which can lead to long-term maintenance costs and risks. Hence, evaluating the progression of a project and understanding related code quality aspects…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Benedikt Dornauer , Michael Felderer , Johannes Weinzerl , Mircea-Cristian Racasan , Martin Hess

Multi-task learning is a paradigm that leverages information from related tasks to improve the performance of machine learning. Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) are comments in the code that indicate not-quite-right code introduced for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Barbara Russo , Jorge Melegati , Moritz Mock

The development of Machine Learning (ML)- and, more recently, of Deep Learning (DL)-intensive systems requires suitable choices, e.g., in terms of technology, algorithms, and hyper-parameters. Such choices depend on developers' experience,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Federica Pepe , Fiorella Zampetti , Antonio Mastropaolo , Gabriele Bavota , Massimiliano Di Penta

Serverless computing is a cloud execution model where developers run code, and the server management is handled by the cloud provider. Serverless computing is increasingly gaining popularity as more systems adopt it to enhance scalability…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Hasini Sumalee Perera , Zadia Codabux , Fabio Palomba

Context: Previous research on software aging is limited with focus on dynamic runtime indicators like memory and performance, often neglecting evolutionary indicators like source code comments and narrowly examining legacy issues within the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Murali Sridharan , Mika Mäntylä , Leevi Rantala

Architectural debt is a form of technical debt that derives from the gap between the architectural design of the system as it "should be" compared to "as it is". We measured architecture debt in two ways: 1) in terms of system-wide coupling…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Maleknaz Nayebi , Yuanfang Cai , Rick Kazman , Guenther Ruhe , Qiong Feng , Chris Carlson , Francis Chew

Over time, software systems suffer gradual quality decay and therefore costs can rise if organizations fail to take proactive countermeasures. Quality control is the first step to avoiding this cost trap. Continuous quality assessments help…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-11-29 Florian Deissenboeck , Stefan Wagner , Markus Pizka , Benjamin Hummel , Elmar Juergens , Benedikt Mas y Parareda

This white paper provides an overview of the topic of "technical debt" and presents an approach for managing technical debt in teams. The white paper is based on the results of my dissertation, which aimed to translate scientific findings…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Marion Wiese

The durability and quality of software contributions are critical factors in the long-term maintainability of a codebase. This paper introduces the Time to Modification (TTM) Theory, a novel approach for quantifying code quality by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Vincil Bishop , Steven J Simske

Self-admitted technical debt (SATD) refers to technical debt that is intentionally introduced by developers and explicitly documented in code comments or other software artifacts (e.g., issue reports) to annotate sub-optimal decisions made…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Jerin Yasmin , Mohammad Sadegh Sheikhaei , Yuan Tian

One of the biggest expense in software development is the maintenance. Therefore, it is critical to comprehend what triggers maintenance and if it may be predicted. Numerous research have demonstrated that specific methods of assessing the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Al Khan , Remudin Reshid Mekuria , Ruslan Isaev

Context: Technical Debt (TD) discusses the negative impact of sub-optimal decisions to cope with the need-for-speed in software development. Code Technical Debt Items (TDI) are atomic elements of TD that can be observed in code artefacts.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Ehsan Zabardast , Kwabena Ebo Bennin , Javier Gonzalez-Huerta

Context: Previous studies demonstrate that Machine or Deep Learning (ML/DL) models can detect Technical Debt from source code comments called Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD). Despite the importance of ML/DL in software development,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Emmanuel Iko-Ojo Simon , Chirath Hettiarachchi , Alex Potanin , Hanna Suominen , Fatemeh Fard

NonTechnical Debt (NTD) is a common challenge in agile software development, manifesting in four critical forms, Process Debt, Social Debt, People Debt, Organizational debt. NODLA project is a collaboration between Karlstad University and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Muhammad Ovais Ahmad , Tomas Gustavsson
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