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This paper studies the problem of learning causal structures from observational data. We reformulate the Structural Equation Model (SEM) with additive noises in a form parameterized by binary graph adjacency matrix and show that, if the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Ignavier Ng , Shengyu Zhu , Zhuangyan Fang , Haoyang Li , Zhitang Chen , Jun Wang

In this review, we discuss approaches for learning causal structure from data, also called causal discovery. In particular, we focus on approaches for learning directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) and various generalizations which allow for some…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-20 Chandler Squires , Caroline Uhler

Causal structure learning from observational data remains a non-trivial task due to various factors such as finite sampling, unobserved confounding factors, and measurement errors. Constraint-based and score-based methods tend to suffer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Rezaur Rashid , Jawad Chowdhury , Gabriel Terejanu

A Random Graph is a random object which take its values in the space of graphs. We take advantage of the expressibility of graphs in order to model the uncertainty about the existence of causal relationships within a given set of variables.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Mauricio Gonzalez-Soto , Ivan R. Feliciano-Avelino , L. Enrique Sucar , Hugo J. Escalante Balderas

Causal discovery from observational data is challenging, especially with large datasets and complex relationships. Traditional methods often struggle with scalability and capturing global structural information. To overcome these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Rezaur Rashid , Gabriel Terejanu

When engaging in end-to-end graph representation learning with Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), the intricate causal relationships and rules inherent in graph data pose a formidable challenge for the model in accurately capturing authentic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Hang Gao , Peng Qiao , Yifan Jin , Fengge Wu , Jiangmeng Li , Changwen Zheng

We propose a novel score-based approach to learning a directed acyclic graph (DAG) from observational data. We adapt a recently proposed continuous constrained optimization formulation to allow for nonlinear relationships between variables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Sébastien Lachapelle , Philippe Brouillard , Tristan Deleu , Simon Lacoste-Julien

Traditional model-based diagnosis relies on constructing explicit system models, a process that can be laborious and expertise-demanding. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that combines concepts of model-based diagnosis with deep…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Jan Lukas Augustin , Oliver Niggemann

Graphs are ubiquitous data structures for representing interactions between entities. With an emphasis on the use of graphs to represent chemical molecules, we explore the task of learning to generate graphs that conform to a distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-08 Qi Liu , Miltiadis Allamanis , Marc Brockschmidt , Alexander L. Gaunt

Causal structure learning refers to a process of identifying causal structures from observational data, and it can have multiple applications in biomedicine and health care. This paper provides a practical review and tutorial on scalable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Pulakesh Upadhyaya , Kai Zhang , Can Li , Xiaoqian Jiang , Yejin Kim

This paper introduces a new framework for recovering causal graphs from observational data, leveraging the observation that the distribution of an effect, conditioned on its causes, remains invariant to changes in the prior distribution of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Nang Hung Nguyen , Phi Le Nguyen , Thao Nguyen Truong , Trong Nghia Hoang , Masashi Sugiyama

Recently, there has been great success in applying deep neural networks on graph structured data. Most work, however, focuses on either node- or graph-level supervised learning, such as node, link or graph classification or node-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Robin Winter , Frank Noé , Djork-Arné Clevert

Graphical models can represent a multivariate distribution in a convenient and accessible form as a graph. Causal models can be viewed as a special class of graphical models that not only represent the distribution of the observed system…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-06-29 Christina Heinze-Deml , Marloes H. Maathuis , Nicolai Meinshausen

Inferring causal structure poses a combinatorial search problem that typically involves evaluating structures with a score or independence test. The resulting search is costly, and designing suitable scores or tests that capture prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Lars Lorch , Scott Sussex , Jonas Rothfuss , Andreas Krause , Bernhard Schölkopf

We present a graph neural network model for solving graph-to-graph learning problems. Most deep learning on graphs considers ``simple'' problems such as graph classification or regressing real-valued graph properties. For such tasks, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Guan Wang , Francois Bernard Lauze , Aasa Feragen

We study the problem of experiment design to learn causal structures from interventional data. We consider an active learning setting in which the experimenter decides to intervene on one of the variables in the system in each step and uses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Amir Amirinezhad , Saber Salehkaleybar , Matin Hashemi

We examine two fundamental tasks associated with graph representation learning: link prediction and semi-supervised node classification. We present a novel autoencoder architecture capable of learning a joint representation of both local…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Phi Vu Tran

Structural learning, which aims to learn directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) from observational data, is foundational to causal reasoning and scientific discovery. Recent advancements formulate structural learning into a continuous optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Song Wei , Yao Xie

Recent years have seen rapid progress at the intersection between causality and machine learning. Motivated by scientific applications involving high-dimensional data, in particular in biomedicine, we propose a deep neural architecture for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-12 Kai Lagemann , Christian Lagemann , Bernd Taschler , Sach Mukherjee

The fundamental challenge in causal induction is to infer the underlying graph structure given observational and/or interventional data. Most existing causal induction algorithms operate by generating candidate graphs and evaluating them…

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