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With the increasing attention to deep neural network (DNN) models, attacks are also upcoming for such models. For example, an attacker may carefully construct images in specific ways (also referred to as adversarial examples) aiming to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Yuexin Xiang , Tiantian Li , Wei Ren , Tianqing Zhu , Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo

In this paper, we propose a novel DNN watermarking method that utilizes a learnable image transformation method with a secret key. The proposed method embeds a watermark pattern in a model by using learnable transformed images and allows us…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-12 MaungMaung AprilPyone , Hitoshi Kiya

Watermarking has become one of promising techniques to not only aid in identifying AI-generated images but also serve as a deterrent against the unethical use of these models. However, the robustness of watermarking techniques has not been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Xiaodong Wu , Xiangman Li , Jianbing Ni

As a valuable digital product, deep neural networks (DNNs) face increasingly severe threats to the intellectual property, making it necessary to develop effective technical measures to protect them. Trigger-based watermarking methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Chaoyue Huang , Gejian Zhao , Hanzhou Wu , Zhihua Xia , Asad Malik

Watermarking enables GenAI providers to verify whether content was generated by their models. A watermark is a hidden signal in the content, whose presence can be detected using a secret watermark key. A core security threat are forgery…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Toluwani Aremu , Noor Hussein , Munachiso Nwadike , Samuele Poppi , Jie Zhang , Karthik Nandakumar , Neil Gong , Nils Lukas

Robust reversible watermarking (RRW) enables copyright protection for images while overcoming the limitation of distortion introduced by watermark itself. Current RRW schemes typically employ a two-stage framework, which fails to achieve…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Zikai Xu , Bin Liu , Weihai Li , Lijunxian Zhang , Nenghai Yu

Engineering a top-notch deep learning model is an expensive procedure that involves collecting data, hiring human resources with expertise in machine learning, and providing high computational resources. For that reason, deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Omid Aramoon , Pin-Yu Chen , Gang Qu

Text watermarking provides an effective solution for identifying synthetic text generated by large language models. However, existing techniques often focus on satisfying specific criteria while ignoring other key aspects, lacking a unified…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Shuhao Zhang , Bo Cheng , Jiale Han , Yuli Chen , Zhixuan Wu , Changbao Li , Pingli Gu

Robust Reversible Watermarking (RRW) enables perfect recovery of cover images and watermarks in lossless channels while ensuring robust watermark extraction in lossy channels. Existing RRW methods, mostly non-deep learning-based, face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Jiale Chen , Wei Wang , Chongyang Shi , Li Dong , Yuanman Li , Xiping Hu

This paper introduces EmMark,a novel watermarking framework for protecting the intellectual property (IP) of embedded large language models deployed on resource-constrained edge devices. To address the IP theft risks posed by malicious…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar

The rapid advancement of deep learning has turned models into highly valuable assets due to their reliance on massive data and costly training processes. However, these models are increasingly vulnerable to leakage and theft, highlighting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yunfei Yang , Xiaojun Chen , Zhendong Zhao , Yu Zhou , Xiaoyan Gu , Juan Cao

To protect the intellectual property of well-trained deep neural networks (DNNs), black-box watermarks, which are embedded into the prediction behavior of DNN models on a set of specially-crafted samples and extracted from suspect models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yifan Lu , Wenxuan Li , Mi Zhang , Xudong Pan , Min Yang

The advancement in text-to-image models has led to astonishing artistic performances. However, several studios and websites illegally fine-tune these models using artists' artworks to mimic their styles for profit, which violates the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Ge Luo , Junqiang Huang , Manman Zhang , Zhenxing Qian , Sheng Li , Xinpeng Zhang

Watermarking acts as a critical safeguard in text generated by Large Language Models (LLMs). By embedding identifiable signals into model outputs, watermarking enables reliable attribution and enhances the security of machine-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yukang Lin , Jiahao Shao , Shuoran Jiang , Wentao Zhu , Bingjie Lu , Xiangping Wu , Joanna Siebert , Qingcai Chen

Superimposing visible watermarks on images provides a powerful weapon to cope with the copyright issue. Watermark removal techniques, which can strengthen the robustness of visible watermarks in an adversarial way, have attracted increasing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-29 Jing Liang , Li Niu , Fengjun Guo , Teng Long , Liqing Zhang

Watermarking inserts invisible data into content to protect copyright. The embedded information provides proof of authorship and facilitates tracking illegal distribution, etc. Current robust watermarking techniques have been proposed to…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2018-05-17 Wook-Hyung Kim , Seung-Hun Nam , Ji-Hyeon Kang , Heung-Kyu Lee

As there are increasing needs of sharing data for machine learning, there is growing attention for the owners of the data to claim the ownership. Visible watermarking has been an effective way to claim the ownership of visual data, yet the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Sanghyun Hong , Tae-hoon Kim , Tudor Dumitraş , Jonghyun Choi

The advances in the Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) research offer extensive applications in diverse domains, but protecting their copyrights has not yet been researched in depth. Recently, NeRF watermarking has been considered one of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Youngdong Jang , Dong In Lee , MinHyuk Jang , Jong Wook Kim , Feng Yang , Sangpil Kim

As a self-supervised learning paradigm, contrastive learning has been widely used to pre-train a powerful encoder as an effective feature extractor for various downstream tasks. This process requires numerous unlabeled training data and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Tianxing Zhang , Hanzhou Wu , Xiaofeng Lu , Guangling Sun

In this work, we introduce a novel deep learning-based approach to text-in-image watermarking, a method that embeds and extracts textual information within images to enhance data security and integrity. Leveraging the capabilities of deep…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Bishwa Karki , Chun-Hua Tsai , Pei-Chi Huang , Xin Zhong