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Cartesian tree matching is a form of generalized pattern matching where a substring of the text matches with the pattern if they share the same Cartesian tree. This form of matching finds application for time series of stock prices and can…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Eric M. Osterkamp , Dominik Köppl

Until recently, most experts would probably have agreed we cannot backwards-step in constant time with a run-length compressed Burrows-Wheeler Transform (RLBWT), since doing so relies on rank queries on sparse bitvectors and those inherit…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Nathaniel K. Brown , Travis Gagie , Massimiliano Rossi

The notion of Wheeler languages is rooted in the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT), one of the most central concepts in data compression and indexing. The BWT has been generalized to finite automata, the so-called Wheeler automata, by Gagie…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Ruben Becker , Giuseppa Castiglione , Giovanna D'Agostino , Alberto Policriti , Nicola Prezza , Antonio Restivo , Brian Riccardi

Given a string $T$ on an alphabet of size $\sigma$, we describe a bidirectional Burrows-Wheeler index that takes $O(|T|\log{\sigma})$ bits of space, and that supports the addition \emph{and removal} of one character, on the left or right…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Fabio Cunial , Djamal Belazzougui

The k-spectrum of a string is the set of all distinct substrings of length k occurring in the string. K-spectra have many applications in bioinformatics including pseudoalignment and genome assembly. The Spectral Burrows-Wheeler Transform…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Jarno N. Alanko , Elena Biagi , Simon J. Puglisi

Highly-repetitive collections of strings are increasingly being amassed by genome sequencing and genetic variation experiments, as well as by storing all versions of human-generated files, like webpages and source code. Existing indexes for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-04-22 Djamal Belazzougui , Fabio Cunial , Travis Gagie , Nicola Prezza , Mathieu Raffinot

We present a new scalable, lightweight algorithm to incrementally construct the BWT and FM-index of large string sets such as those produced by Next Generation Sequencing. The algorithm is designed for massive parallelism and can…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-10-03 Jacopo Pantaleoni

We prove several combinatorial properties of suffix arrays, including a characterization of suffix arrays through a bijection with a certain well-defined class of permutations. Our approach is based on the characterization of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-06-19 Gregory Kucherov , Lilla Tóthmérész , Stéphane Vialette

We first review how we can store a run-length compressed suffix array (RLCSA) for a text $T$ of length $n$ over an alphabet of size $\sigma$ whose Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) consists of $r$ runs in $O \left( \rule{0ex}{2ex} r \log (n /…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Nathaniel K. Brown , Travis Gagie , Giovanni Manzini , Gonzalo Navarro , Marinella Sciortino

We describe a grammar for DNA sequencing reads from which we can compute the BWT directly. Our motivation is to perform in succinct space genomic analyses that require complex string queries not yet supported by repetition-based…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Diego Díaz-Domínguez , Gonzalo Navarro

The Positional Burrows-Wheeler Transform (PBWT) is a fundamental data structure for the efficient representation and analysis of large-scale haplotype panels. For a panel of $h$ sequences $\{S_1, \dots, S_h\}$ over $m$ sites, a key…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Paola Bonizzoni , Travis Gagie , Younan Gao

A wavelet forest for a text $T [1..n]$ over an alphabet $\sigma$ takes $n H_0 (T) + o (n \log \sigma)$ bits of space and supports access and rank on $T$ in $O (\log \sigma)$ time. K\"arkk\"ainen and Puglisi (2011) implicitly introduced…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Christina Boucher , Travis Gagie , Aaron Hong , Yansong Li , Norbert Zeh

The Extended Burrows Wheeler transform (EBWT) helps to find the distance between two sequences. Implementation of an existing algorithm takes considerable amount of time for small size sequences. In this paper, we give a parallel…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2011-02-02 Shashank Srikant

The directed acyclic word graph (DAWG) of a string $y$ of length $n$ is the smallest (partial) DFA which recognizes all suffixes of $y$ with only $O(n)$ nodes and edges. In this paper, we show how to construct the DAWG for the input string…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Yuta Fujishige , Yuki Tsujimaru , Shunsuke Inenaga , Hideo Bannai , Masayuki Takeda

Recently, Holt and McMillan [Bionformatics 2014, ACM-BCB 2014] have proposed a simple and elegant algorithm to merge the Burrows-Wheeler transforms of a family of strings. In this paper we show that the H&M algorithm can be improved so…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-09-16 Giovanni Manzini

High-throughput sequencing technologies have led to explosive growth of genomic databases; one of which will soon reach hundreds of terabytes. For many applications we want to build and store indexes of these databases but constructing such…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Christina Boucher , Travis Gagie , Alan Kuhnle , Ben Langmead , Giovanni Manzini , Taher Mun

Motivated by challenges in pangenomic read alignment, we propose a generalization of Wheeler graphs that we call Wheeler maps. A Wheeler map stores a text $T[1..n]$ and an assignment of tags to the characters of $T$ such that we can…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Andrej Baláz , Travis Gagie , Adrián Goga , Simon Heumos , Gonzalo Navarro , Alessia Petescia , Jouni Sirén

In deep time series forecasting, the Fourier Transform (FT) is extensively employed for frequency representation learning. However, it often struggles in capturing multi-scale, time-sensitive patterns. Although the Wavelet Transform (WT)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Ziyu Zhou , Jiaxi Hu , Qingsong Wen , James T. Kwok , Yuxuan Liang

The longest common prefix array is a very advantageous data structure that, combined with the suffix array and the Burrows-Wheeler transform, allows to efficiently compute some combinatorial properties of a string useful in several…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-05-16 Anthony J. Cox , Fabio Garofalo , Giovanna Rosone , Marinella Sciortino

Indexing highly repetitive texts - such as genomic databases, software repositories and versioned text collections - has become an important problem since the turn of the millennium. A relevant compressibility measure for repetitive texts…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Travis Gagie , Gonzalo Navarro , Nicola Prezza
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