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We study online reinforcement learning for finite-horizon deterministic control systems with {\it arbitrary} state and action spaces. Suppose that the transition dynamics and reward function is unknown, but the state and action space is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-07 Lin F. Yang , Chengzhuo Ni , Mengdi Wang

A natural goal when designing online learning algorithms for non-stationary environments is to bound the regret of the algorithm in terms of the temporal variation of the input sequence. Intuitively, when the variation is small, it should…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Gautam Goel , Babak Hassibi

We study an online forecasting setting in which, over $T$ rounds, $N$ strategic experts each report a forecast to a mechanism, the mechanism selects one forecast, and then the outcome is revealed. In any given round, each expert has a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Junpei Komiyama , Nishant A. Mehta , Ali Mortazavi

Existing episodic reinforcement algorithms assume that the length of an episode is fixed across time and known a priori. In this paper, we consider a general framework of episodic reinforcement learning when the length of each episode is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Debmalya Mandal , Goran Radanovic , Jiarui Gan , Adish Singla , Rupak Majumdar

In this paper, we study the problem of learning Kalman filtering with unknown system model in partially observed linear dynamical systems. We propose a unified algorithmic framework based on online optimization that can be used to solve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Lintao Ye , Ankang Zhang , Ming Chi , Bin Du , Jianghai Hu

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a class of artificial intelligence algorithms being used to design adaptive optimal controllers through online learning. This paper presents a model-free, real-time, data-efficient Q-learning-based algorithm…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-11 Ali Aalipour , Alireza Khani

Reinforcement learning algorithms typically assume rewards to be sampled from light-tailed distributions, such as Gaussian or bounded. However, a wide variety of real-world systems generate rewards that follow heavy-tailed distributions. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Vincent Zhuang , Yanan Sui

This work studies and develop projection-free algorithms for online learning with linear optimization oracles (a.k.a. Frank-Wolfe) for handling the constraint set. More precisely, this work (i) provides an improved (optimized) variant of an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-20 Julien Weibel , Pierre Gaillard , Wouter M. Koolen , Adrien Taylor

We study online decision making problems under resource constraints, where both reward and cost functions are drawn from distributions that may change adversarially over time. We focus on two canonical settings: $(i)$ online resource…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Francesco Emanuele Stradi , Matteo Castiglioni , Alberto Marchesi , Nicola Gatti , Christian Kroer

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) demonstrate strong performance in complex tasks but often face the challenge of overthinking, leading to substantially high inference costs. Existing approaches synthesize shorter reasoning responses for LRMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Hexuan Deng , Wenxiang Jiao , Xuebo Liu , Jun Rao , Min Zhang

We consider the problem of minimizing different notions of swap regret in online optimization. These forms of regret are tightly connected to correlated equilibrium concepts in games, and have been more recently shown to guarantee…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Ioannis Anagnostides , Gabriele Farina , Maxwell Fishelson , Haipeng Luo , Jon Schneider

We analyze and evaluate an online gradient descent algorithm with adaptive per-coordinate adjustment of learning rates. Our algorithm can be thought of as an online version of batch gradient descent with a diagonal preconditioner. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2010-02-26 Matthew Streeter , H. Brendan McMahan

State-of-the-art efficient model-based Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms typically act by iteratively solving empirical models, i.e., by performing \emph{full-planning} on Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) built by the gathered…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Yonathan Efroni , Nadav Merlis , Mohammad Ghavamzadeh , Shie Mannor

We consider a family of learning strategies for online optimization problems that evolve in continuous time and we show that they lead to no regret. From a more traditional, discrete-time viewpoint, this continuous-time approach allows us…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-02-28 Joon Kwon , Panayotis Mertikopoulos

Reinforcement learning (RL) has traditionally been understood from an episodic perspective; the concept of non-episodic RL, where there is no restart and therefore no reliable recovery, remains elusive. A fundamental question in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-31 Shuang Liu , Hao Su

Reinforcement Learning algorithms that learn from human feedback (RLHF) need to be efficient in terms of statistical complexity, computational complexity, and query complexity. In this work, we consider the RLHF setting where the feedback…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Runzhe Wu , Wen Sun

Some of the most compelling applications of online convex optimization, including online prediction and classification, are unconstrained: the natural feasible set is R^n. Existing algorithms fail to achieve sub-linear regret in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-11-13 Matthew Streeter , H. Brendan McMahan

Non-stationary online learning has drawn much attention in recent years. In particular, dynamic regret and adaptive regret are proposed as two principled performance measures for online convex optimization in non-stationary environments. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Peng Zhao , Yan-Feng Xie , Lijun Zhang , Zhi-Hua Zhou

Reinforcement learning (RL) is central to improving reasoning in large language models (LLMs) but typically requires ground-truth rewards. Test-Time Reinforcement Learning (TTRL) removes this need by using majority-vote rewards, but relies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Aleksei Arzhantsev , Otmane Sakhi , Flavian Vasile

We revisit the question of reducing online learning to approximate optimization of the offline problem. In this setting, we give two algorithms with near-optimal performance in the full information setting: they guarantee optimal regret and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Elad Hazan , Wei Hu , Yuanzhi Li , Zhiyuan Li