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Appropriate test case generation is critical in software testing, significantly impacting the quality of the testing. Requirements-Based Test Generation (RBTG) derives test cases from software requirements, aiming to verify whether or not…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Zhenzhen Yang , Chenhui Cui , Tao Li , Rubing Huang , Nan Niu , Dave Towey , Shikai Guo

Training effective Vision-Language Models (VLMs) for GUI agents typically depends on large-scale annotated datasets, whose collection is both labor-intensive and error-prone. We introduce K-step GUI Transition, a self-supervised inverse…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Longxi Gao , Li Zhang , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Mengwei Xu

We propose V-Droid, a mobile GUI task automation agent. Unlike previous mobile agents that utilize Large Language Models (LLMs) as generators to directly generate actions at each step, V-Droid employs LLMs as verifiers to evaluate candidate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Gaole Dai , Shiqi Jiang , Ting Cao , Yuanchun Li , Yuqing Yang , Rui Tan , Mo Li , Lili Qiu

Reinforcement learning frameworks have introduced abstractions to implement and execute algorithms at scale. They assume standardized simulator interfaces but are not concerned with identifying suitable task representations. We present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Michael Schaarschmidt , Kai Fricke , Eiko Yoneki

In a recent study, Reinforcement Learning (RL) used in combination with many-objective search, has been shown to outperform alternative techniques (random search and many-objective search) for online testing of Deep Neural Network-enabled…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Luca Giamattei , Matteo Biagiola , Roberto Pietrantuono , Stefano Russo , Paolo Tonella

Analog circuit topology synthesis is integral to Electronic Design Automation (EDA), enabling the automated creation of circuit structures tailored to specific design requirements. However, the vast design search space and strict constraint…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Prashanth Vijayaraghavan , Luyao Shi , Ehsan Degan , Vandana Mukherjee , Xin Zhang

Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of mobile GUI agents powered by large language models (LLMs), which can autonomously execute diverse device-control tasks based on natural language instructions. The increasing accuracy of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Guohong Liu , Jialei Ye , Jiacheng Liu , Yuanchun Li , Wei Liu , Pengzhi Gao , Jian Luan , Yunxin Liu

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a popular approach for robotic path planning in uncertain environments. However, the control policies trained for an RL agent crucially depend on user-defined, state-based reward functions. Poorly designed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Anand Balakrishnan , Stefan Jakšić , Edgar A. Aguilar , Dejan Ničković , Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh

Translating natural language mathematical statements into formal, executable code is a fundamental challenge in automated theorem proving. While prior work has focused on generation and compilation success, little attention has been paid to…

Autonomous agents for long-sequence Graphical User Interface tasks are hindered by sparse rewards and the intractable credit assignment problem. To address these challenges, we introduce GUI-Shepherd, a Process Reward Model that provides…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Cong Chen , Kaixiang Ji , Hao Zhong , Muzhi Zhu , Anzhou Li , Guo Gan , Ziyuan Huang , Cheng Zou , Jiajia Liu , Jingdong Chen , Hao Chen , Chunhua Shen

Mobile applications are being used every day by more than half of the world's population to perform a great variety of tasks. With the increasingly widespread usage of these applications, the need arises for efficient techniques to test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-09-05 Ariel Rosenfeld , Odaya Kardashov , Orel Zang

Simulation-based testing has become a standard approach to validating autonomous driving agents prior to real-world deployment. A high-quality validation campaign will exercise an agent in diverse contexts comprised of varying static…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Joy Saha , Trey Woodlief , Sebastian Elbaum , Matthew B. Dwyer

It is common practice in reinforcement learning (RL) research to train and deploy agents in bespoke simulators, typically implemented by engineers directly in general-purpose programming languages or hardware acceleration frameworks such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Dennis J. N. J. Soemers , Spyridon Samothrakis , Kurt Driessens , Mark H. M. Winands

Large language models (LLMs) have brought exciting new advances to mobile UI agents, a long-standing research field that aims to complete arbitrary natural language tasks through mobile UI interactions. However, existing UI agents usually…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Hao Wen , Shizuo Tian , Borislav Pavlov , Wenjie Du , Yixuan Li , Ge Chang , Shanhui Zhao , Jiacheng Liu , Yunxin Liu , Ya-Qin Zhang , Yuanchun Li

The Android OS has become the most popular mobile operating system leading to a significant increase in the spread of Android malware. Consequently, several static and dynamic analysis systems have been developed to detect Android malware.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-05-19 Mohammed K. Alzaylaee , Suleiman Y. Yerima , Sakir Sezer

Solving math problems through verifiable languages such as Lean has significantly impacted both the mathematics and computer science communities. Current state-of-the-art models are often trained with expensive online Reinforcement Learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ruida Wang , Jiarui Yao , Rui Pan , Shizhe Diao , Tong Zhang

Automated GUI testing is widely used to help ensure the quality of mobile apps. However, many GUIs require appropriate text inputs to proceed to the next page which remains a prominent obstacle for testing coverage. Considering the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-12 Zhe Liu , Chunyang Chen , Junjie Wang , Xing Che , Yuekai Huang , Jun Hu , Qing Wang

Different from what happens for most types of software systems, testing video games has largely remained a manual activity performed by human testers. This is mostly due to the continuous and intelligent user interaction video games…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Rosalia Tufano , Simone Scalabrino , Luca Pascarella , Emad Aghajani , Rocco Oliveto , Gabriele Bavota

Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is the predominant algorithm for training text generation models. This paradigm relies on direct supervision examples, which is not applicable to many emerging applications, such as generating adversarial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Han Guo , Bowen Tan , Zhengzhong Liu , Eric P. Xing , Zhiting Hu

GUI-based models extracted from Android app execution traces, events, or source code can be extremely useful for challenging tasks such as the generation of scenarios or test cases. However, extracting effective models can be an expensive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-01-22 Mario Linares-Vasquez , Martin White , Carlos Bernal-Cardenas , Kevin Moran , Denys Poshyvanyk