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Quantum Physical Unclonable Functions (QPUFs) offer a physically grounded approach to secure authentication, extending the capabilities of classical PUFs. This review covers their theoretical foundations and key implementation challenges -…

A Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) is a device with unique behaviour that is hard to clone hence providing a secure fingerprint. A variety of PUF structures and PUF-based applications have been explored theoretically as well as being…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-16 Myrto Arapinis , Mahshid Delavar , Mina Doosti , Elham Kashefi

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are hardware structures in a physical system (e.g. semiconductor, crystals etc.) that are used to enable unique identification of the semiconductor or to secure keys for cryptographic processes. A PUF…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-19 Vladlen Galetsky , Soham Ghosh , Christian Deppe , Roberto Ferrara

The characteristic novelty of what is generally meant by a "physical unclonable function" (PUF) is precisely defined, in order to supply a firm basis for security evaluations and the proposal of new security mechanisms. A PUF is defined as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-04-05 Rainer Plaga , Frank Koob

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) have been proposed as a way to identify and authenticate electronic devices. Recently, several ideas have been presented that aim to achieve the same for quantum devices. Some of these constructions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-24 Niklas Pirnay , Anna Pappa , Jean-Pierre Seifert

As cloud-based quantum computing expands, securing access to quantum hardware is increasingly critical. We present an authentication protocol that leverages intrinsic quantum device properties to construct Quantum Physical Unclonable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-10 Behnam Tonekaboni , Pranav Gokhale , Kaitlin N. Smith

A new definition of "Physical Unclonable Functions" (PUFs), the first one that fully captures its intuitive idea among experts, is presented. A PUF is an information-storage system with a security mechanism that is 1. meant to impede the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-01-27 Rainer Plaga , Dominik Merli

Disordered photonic structures are promising materials for the realization of physical unclonable functions (PUF), physical objects that can overcome the limitations of conventional digital security methods and that enable cryptographic…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-03-06 Sara Nocentini , Ulrich Rührmair , Mauro Barni , Diederik S. Wiersma , Francesco Riboli

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) leverage inherent, non-clonable physical randomness to generate unique input-output pairs, serving as secure fingerprints for cryptographic protocols like authentication. Quantum PUFs (QPUFs) extend this…

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) exploit the intrinsic complexity and irreproducibility of physical systems to generate secret information. PUFs have the potential to provide fundamentally higher security than traditional cryptographic…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2013-02-12 Omid Kavehei , Chun Hosung , Damith Ranasinghe , Stan Skafidas

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) provide hardware-level security by exploiting intrinsic randomness to produce device-unique responses. However, machine learning and side-channel attacks increasingly undermine their classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-04 Mohammadreza Vali , Hossein Aghababa , Nasser Yazdani

Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) has recently attracted interested from both industry and academia as a potential alternative approach to secure Internet of Things (IoT) devices from the more traditional computational based approach using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-19 Abdulaziz Al-Meer , Saif Al-Kuwari

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) serve as lightweight, hardware-intrinsic entropy sources widely deployed in IoT security applications. However, delay-based PUFs are vulnerable to Machine Learning Attacks (MLAs), undermining their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Hongming Fei , Zilong Hu , Prosanta Gope , Biplab Sikdar

Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are a promising solution for identity verification and asymmetric encryption. In this paper, a new Resistive Random Access Memory (ReRAM) PUF-based protocol is presented to create a physical ReRAM PUF…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jack Garrard , John F. Hardy , Carlo daCunha , Mayank Bakshi

During the last years, Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) have become a very important research area in the field of hardware security due to their capability of generating volatile secret keys as well as providing a low-cost…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-15 M. Garcia-Bosque , G. Díez-Señorans , C. Sánchez-Azqueta , S. Celma

Physical unclonable functions(PUFs) provide a unique fingerprint to a physical entity by exploiting the inherent physical randomness. Gao et al. discussed the vulnerability of most current-day PUFs to sophisticated machine learning-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-24 Kaushik Chakraborty , Mina Doosti , Yao Ma , Chirag Wadhwa , Myrto Arapinis , Elham Kashefi

Quantum physical unclonable functions, or QPUFs, are rapidly emerging as theoretical hardware solutions to provide secure cryptographic functionalities such as key-exchange, message authentication, entity identification among others. Recent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-15 Niraj Kumar , Rawad Mezher , Elham Kashefi

Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) identify integrated circuits using nonlinearly-related challenge-response pairs (CRPs). Ideally, the relationship between challenges and corresponding responses is unpredictable, even if a subset of…

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are hardware security primitives whose inherent physical complexity can be exploited for secure authentication and cryptographic key generation. Silicon photonic devices, owing to their suitability for…

Recently, major progress has been made towards the realisation of quantum internet to enable a broad range of classically intractable applications. These applications such as delegated quantum computation require running a secure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-04 Mina Doosti , Niraj Kumar , Mahshid Delavar , Elham Kashefi
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