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How can we perform a metrological task if only limited control over a quantum system is given? Here, we present systematic methods for conducting nonlinear quantum metrology in scenarios lacking a common reference frame. Our approach…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-20 Satoya Imai , Otfried Gühne , Géza Tóth

In the absence of external relata, internal quantum reference frames (QRFs) appear widely in the literature on quantum gravity, gauge theories and quantum foundations. Here, we extend the perspective-neutral approach to QRF covariance to…

Since their first introduction, Quantum Reference Frame (QRF) transformations have been extensively discussed, generalising the covariance of physical laws to the quantum domain. Despite important progress, a formulation of QRF…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-21 Luca Apadula , Esteban Castro-Ruiz , Časlav Brukner

A fully relational quantum theory necessarily requires an account of changes of quantum reference frames, where quantum reference frames are quantum systems relative to which other systems are described. By introducing a relational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-02 Anne-Catherine de la Hamette , Thomas D. Galley

Physics is a model of nature able to both describe and predict the results of measurements made with respect to reference systems. These reference systems, in turn, are themselves physical and thus subject to the laws of physics. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-05 Henrique A. R. Knopki , Renato M. Angelo

Rovelli's relational interpretation of quantum mechanics tells us that the description of a system in the formalism of quantum mechanics is not an absolute, but it is relative to the observer itself. The interpretation goes further and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-24 Pietro Dall'Olio , José A. Zapata

We provide a possible fully geometric formulation of the core idea of quantum reference frames (QRFs) as it has been applied in the context of gravity, freeing its definition from unnecessary (though convenient) ingredients, such as…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-07-23 Daniel A. Turolla Vanzella , Jeremy Butterfield

The study of quantum reference frames has received renewed interest over the last years, leading to the parallel development of non-equivalent frameworks by different communities. We clarify the differences between these frameworks. At the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Guilhem Doat , Augustin Vanrietvelde

This paper proposes an intrinsic or background-independent quantum framework based on entangled state rather than absolute quantum state, it describes a quantum relative state between the under-study quantum system and the quantum measuring…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 M. J. Luo

One of the most basic notions in physics is the partitioning of a system into subsystems, and the study of correlations among its parts. In this work, we explore these notions in the context of quantum reference frame (QRF) covariance, in…

In a previous preprint (quant-ph/0012122) we introduced a ``contextual objectivity" formulation of quantum mechanics (QM). A central feature of this approach is to define the quantum state in physical rather than in mathematical terms, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Philippe Grangier

In the context of constrained quantum mechanics, reference systems are used to construct relational observables that are invariant under the action of the symmetry group. Upon measurement of a relational observable, the reference system…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Florian Girelli , David Poulin

The current theories of quantum physics and general relativity on their own do not allow us to study situations in which the gravitational source is quantum. Here, we propose a strategy to determine the dynamics of objects in the presence…

In general relativity, the description of spacetime relies on idealised rods and clocks, which identify a reference frame. In any concrete scenario, reference frames are associated to physical systems, which are ultimately quantum in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-28 Flaminia Giacomini

The so-called measurement problem of quantum theory (QT) is still lacking a satisfactory, or at least widely agreed upon, solution. A number of theories, known as interpretations of quantum theory, have been proposed and found differing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-26 Hans H. Diel

A new ontological view of the quantum measurement processes is given, which has bearings on many broader issues in the foundations of quantum mechanics as well. In this scenario a quantum measurement is a non-equilibrium phase transition in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Xiaolei Zhang

Based on a recent relational formulation of quantum reference frame transformations, especially with a case of quantum spatial translations in particular, we analyzed how the `value' of an observable for a fixed state change. That is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-09 Otto C. W. Kong

Recent work on quantum reference frames (QRFs) has demonstrated that superposition and entanglement are properties that change under QRF transformations. Given their utility in quantum information processing, it is important to understand…

Measurement is a fundamental operation in quantum computing and has many important use cases in quantum algorithms. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the basic measurement operations in quantum computing and represents a…

Measurement in quantum mechanics is generally described as an irreversible process that perturbs the wavefunction describing a quantum system. In this work we establish a formal connection between the measurement description within the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-17 Fabio L. Traversa , Guillermo Albareda