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QAOA is a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm to solve optimization problems in gate-based quantum computers. It is based on a variational quantum circuit that can be interpreted as a discretization of the annealing process that quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-28 Francisco Chicano , Zakaria Abdelmoiz Dahi , Gabriel Luque

The Quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a quantum-classical hybrid algorithm aiming to produce approximate solutions for combinatorial optimization problems. In the QAOA, the quantum part prepares a quantum parameterized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-23 Ningyi Xie , Xinwei Lee , Dongsheng Cai , Yoshiyuki Saito , Nobuyoshi Asai

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has been suggested as a promising candidate for the solution of combinatorial optimization problems. Yet, whether - or under what conditions - it may offer an advantage compared to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-14 Vanessa Dehn , Martin Zaefferer , Gerhard Hellstern , Florentin Reiter , Thomas Wellens

In this work, we review quantum approaches to combinatorial optimization, with the aim of bridging theoretical developments and industrial relevance. We first survey the main families of quantum algorithms, including Quantum Annealing, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Hala Hawashin , Deep Nath , Marco Alberto Javarone

Quantum optimization allows for up to exponential quantum speedups for specific, possibly industrially relevant problems. As the key algorithm in this field, we motivate and discuss the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA),…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Jonas Stein , Maximilian Zorn , Leo Sünkel , Thomas Gabor

In the present Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ), hybrid algorithms that leverage classical resources to reduce quantum costs are particularly appealing. We formulate and apply such a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm to a power…

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has emerged as a promising variational quantum algorithm for addressing NP hard combinatorial optimization problems. However, a significant limitation lies in optimizing its classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-22 Peter Gleißner , Georg Kruse , Andreas Roßkopf

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a leading iterative variational quantum algorithm for heuristically solving combinatorial optimization problems. A large portion of the computational effort in QAOA is spent by the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-23 Ohad Amosy , Tamuz Danzig , Ely Porat , Gal Chechik , Adi Makmal

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) transforms a simple many-qubit wavefunction into one which encodes a solution to a difficult classical optimization problem. It does this by optimizing the schedule according to which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-29 Yunlong Yu , Chenfeng Cao , Carter Dewey , Xiang-Bin Wang , Nic Shannon , Robert Joynt

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithms (QAOA) promise efficient solutions to classically intractable combinatorial optimization problems by harnessing shallow-depth quantum circuits. Yet, their performance and scalability often hinge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-02 Kuan-Cheng Chen , Hiromichi Matsuyama , Wei-Hao Huang

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) adopts a hybrid quantum-classical approach to find approximate solutions to variational optimization problems. In fact, it relies on a classical subroutine to optimize the parameters of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-31 Simone Tibaldi , Davide Vodola , Edoardo Tignone , Elisa Ercolessi

The Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) is a widely studied quantum-classical iterative heuristic for combinatorial optimisation. While QAOA targets problems in complexity class NP, the classical optimisation procedure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-12 Tom Krüger , Wolfgang Mauerer

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a powerful tool in solving various combinatorial problems such as Maximum Satisfiability and Maximum Cut. Hard computational problems, however, require deep circuits that place high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-28 Malick A. Gaye , Omar Shehab , Paraj Titum , Gregory Quiroz

We propose a novel Reinforcement Learning (RL) method for optimizing quantum circuits using graph-theoretic simplification rules of ZX-diagrams. The agent, trained using the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm, employs Graph Neural…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Jordi Riu , Jan Nogué , Gerard Vilaplana , Artur Garcia-Saez , Marta P. Estarellas

Combinatorial optimization is anticipated to be one of the primary use cases for quantum computation in the coming years. The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) and Quantum Annealing (QA) can potentially demonstrate…

Many combinatorial optimization problems admit a maximin fairness variant, where the aim is to find a distribution over possible solutions which maximizes an expected worst-case outcome. However, the support for an optimal distribution may…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Bao Bach , Cameron Ibrahim , Reuben Tate , Jad Salem , Stephan Eidenbenz , Ilya Safro

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has enjoyed increasing attention in noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing due to its application to combinatorial optimization problems. Because combinatorial optimization problems…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-18 Yunsoo Ha , Sara Shashaani , Matt Menickelly

The quantum approximate optimisation algorithm (QAOA) is at the core of many scenarios that aim to combine the power of quantum computers and classical high-performance computing appliances for combinatorial optimisation. Several obstacles…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-26 Simon Thelen , Hila Safi , Wolfgang Mauerer

In recent years, quantum computing has emerged as a transformative force in the field of combinatorial optimization, offering novel approaches to tackling complex problems that have long challenged classical computational methods. Among…

Quantum computing promises solutions to classically difficult and new-found problems through controlling the subtleties of quantum computing. The Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) is a recently proposed quantum algorithm…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-24 Nicholas J. Pritchard